Spherical ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Powder, Grade 22, Class 2

ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 22, Class 2 Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 22, Class 2 Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Spherical ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Powder, Grade 22, Class 2 characteristics -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Spherical ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Powder, Grade 22, Class 2 Particle Size -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- -:- 0-15μm ,5-25μm, 15-45μm, 15-53μm,20-63um, 45-75μm, 45-105μm, 45-150μm ,75-150μm. (Various granularities can be customized according to customer requirements) -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Spherical ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Powder, Grade 22, Class 2 Applicable processes -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Laser/electron beam additive manufacturing (SLM/EBM, 3D printing) Direct laser deposition (DLD) Used in thermal spray (TSA) Powder hot isostatic pressing (HIP) Metal injection molding (MIM) Powder metallurgy (PM) Laser cladding (LC), etc. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Spherical ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Powder, Grade 22, Class 2 Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A387 Alloy Steel, Grade 22, Class 2 Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ## **ASTM A387 Grade 22 Class 2 - 2.25% Chromium-1% Molybdenum Alloy Steel Plate (Normalized & Tempered Condition)** ### **1. Product Overview** **ASTM A387 Grade 22 Class 2** is a **normalized and tempered 2.25% chromium-1% molybdenum alloy steel plate** representing the industry-standard material for **high-temperature pressure vessels operating up to 1200°F (650°C)** in hydrogen-containing environments. As the "ready-to-use" condition of the classic 2¼Cr-1Mo alloy, Class 2 material is supplied with **completed heat treatment** that provides optimal mechanical properties for immediate fabrication with only post-weld heat treatment required. This grade has become the **workhorse material for refinery hydroprocessing, power generation, and chemical processing** applications where exceptional creep strength, hydrogen attack resistance, and oxidation resistance are essential. The normalized and tempered condition ensures a uniform tempered bainitic microstructure throughout the plate thickness, delivering consistent mechanical properties, excellent dimensional stability, and predictable long-term performance. Grade 22 Class 2 offers superior high-temperature properties compared to lower chromium grades while providing better fabricability and lower cost than higher-chromium alloys, establishing it as the **preferred choice for severe service conditions worldwide**. ### **2. Key International Standards & Specifications** | Standard System | Equivalent Designation | Notes | |-----------------|------------------------|-------| | **ASTM/ASME** | **ASTM A387/A387M Grade 22 Class 2** / **SA-387 Grade 22 Class 2** | Primary specification, ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section I & VIII Div 1 & 2 | | **European (EN)** | **EN 10028-2: 10CrMo9-10 +NT** | Normalized and tempered condition | | **Japanese (JIS)** | **JIS G4109 SCMV 4 NT** | Japanese normalized and tempered Cr-Mo steel | | **German (DIN)** | **1.7383 +N** | 10CrMo9-10 normalized condition | | **ISO** | **ISO 9328-2: 12CrMo9-10** | International pressure vessel steel standard | | **Chinese** | **GB 713 12Cr2Mo1R** | Similar 2.25Cr-1Mo pressure vessel steel | | **Unified Numbering System** | **UNS K21590** | Standard material designation | | **API** | **API 934/934A** | Materials for high-temperature hydrogen service | | **NACE** | **MR0175/ISO 15156** | Suitable for sour service with hardness control | **Classification Society Approvals:** Universally approved by ABS, DNV, LR, BV, ClassNK, and all major societies with extensive service experience database. ### **3. Chemical Composition (% by Weight)** | Element | ASTM A387 Grade 22 Class 2 Requirements | Metallurgical Purpose | |---------|------------------------------------------|------------------------| | **Carbon (C)** | **0.05-0.15%** | Optimized for creep strength and weldability balance | | **Manganese (Mn)** | **0.30-0.60%** | Controlled to provide adequate hardenability without excessive strength | | **Phosphorus (P)** | **0.025% maximum** | Extremely stringent control to minimize temper embrittlement | | **Sulfur (S)** | **0.025% maximum** | Strict control for hydrogen-induced cracking resistance | | **Silicon (Si)** | **0.50% maximum** | Deoxidizer; enhances high-temperature oxidation resistance | | **Chromium (Cr)** | **2.00-2.50%** | **Primary alloying element** - provides oxidation/sulfidation resistance and carbide stabilization | | **Molybdenum (Mo)** | **0.90-1.10%** | **Critical alloying element** - enhances creep strength and provides hydrogen attack resistance | | **Nickel (Ni)** | **0.40% maximum** (residual) | Kept low to control microstructure and cost | | **Copper (Cu)** | **0.20% maximum** (residual) | Residual element control | | **Vanadium (V)** | **0.03% maximum** (residual) | Minimized in standard grade; modified versions available | | **Tramp Elements** | Sn, As, Sb typically <0.015% each | Stringent control for temper embrittlement resistance | **Key Metallurgical Features:** - **Carbon Equivalent (CE):** 0.45-0.55% (IIW formula: C + Mn/6 + (Cr+Mo+V)/5 + (Ni+Cu)/15) - **J-Factor:** <90 (J = (Si+Mn)×(P+Sn)×10⁴) critical for temper embrittlement control - **X-Factor:** <12 (X = (10P + 5Sb + 4Sn + As)×10⁻²) for step-cooling embrittlement resistance - **Normalized Microstructure:** Tempered bainite with fine M₂C and M₇C₃ carbides - **Hardenability:** High; suitable for very thick sections up to 400mm (16 inches) ### **4. Mechanical & Physical Properties** #### **4.1 Tensile Properties (Normalized & Tempered Condition - As Supplied)** | Property | Minimum Requirement | Typical Range | Test Standard | |----------|---------------------|---------------|---------------| | **Yield Strength (0.2% offset)** | **45 ksi (310 MPa)** | 47-65 ksi (325-450 MPa) | ASTM A370 | | **Tensile Strength** | **75-100 ksi (515-690 MPa)** | 78-95 ksi (540-655 MPa) | ASTM A370 | | **Elongation (in 2" / 50mm gauge)** | **20%** minimum | 21-28% | ASTM A370 | | **Reduction of Area** | Not specified | Typically 50-70% | ASTM A370 | | **Yield-to-Tensile Ratio** | Not specified | 0.60-0.70 typical | - | **Thickness Considerations:** - Properties maintained up to 16 inches (400 mm) thickness - Thicker sections require extended tempering times (2+ hours per inch) - Through-thickness uniformity excellent due to controlled N&T processing #### **4.2 Elevated Temperature Properties** | Temperature | Yield Strength (Typical) | Tensile Strength (Typical) | Creep-Rupture Strength (100,000 hours) | |-------------|--------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------------------| | **800°F (427°C)** | 40-48 ksi (275-330 MPa) | 53-62 ksi (365-425 MPa) | 20-25 ksi (138-172 MPa) | | **900°F (482°C)** | 34-42 ksi (235-290 MPa) | 45-54 ksi (310-370 MPa) | 12-16 ksi (83-110 MPa) | | **1000°F (538°C)** | 29-37 ksi (200-255 MPa) | 38-47 ksi (260-325 MPa) | 6-9 ksi (41-62 MPa) | | **1100°F (593°C)** | 24-32 ksi (165-220 MPa) | 32-41 ksi (220-285 MPa) | 3-5 ksi (21-34 MPa) | | **1200°F (649°C)** | 20-28 ksi (140-195 MPa) | 27-36 ksi (185-250 MPa) | 1-2 ksi (7-14 MPa) | #### **4.3 Hydrogen Service Properties (Per Latest ASME Nelson Curves)** | Temperature | Maximum Allowable Hydrogen Partial Pressure | Service Application | |-------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------| | **700°F (371°C)** | 1800 psi (12.4 MPa) | Severe hydrocracking | | **800°F (427°C)** | 900 psi (6.2 MPa) | Typical hydrocracking | | **900°F (482°C)** | 450 psi (3.1 MPa) | Hydrotreating/reforming | | **1000°F (538°C)** | 225 psi (1.6 MPa) | High-temperature reforming | *Reference: ASME Section II Part D, Mandatory Appendix 5, Figure A-100 (2023 Edition)* #### **4.4 Toughness Properties** | Test Temperature | Charpy V-Notch Minimum (When Specified) | Typical Values | Industry Standards | |------------------|------------------------------------------|----------------|-------------------| | **Room Temperature** | 25 ft-lb (34 J) average | 40-70 ft-lb (54-95 J) | API 934 requirement | | **32°F (0°C)** | 20 ft-lb (27 J) average | 30-50 ft-lb (41-68 J) | Common specification | | **-20°F (-29°C)** | 15 ft-lb (20 J) average | 22-40 ft-lb (30-54 J) | Low-temperature service | #### **4.5 Physical Properties** | Property | Value | Conditions | Design Significance | |----------|-------|------------|---------------------| | **Density** | 7.86 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³) | 20°C (68°F) | Weight and mass calculations | | **Modulus of Elasticity** | 29,500 ksi (203 GPa) | 20°C (68°F) | Critical for deflection control | | **Shear Modulus** | 11,500 ksi (79 GPa) | 20°C (68°F) | Torsional applications | | **Poisson's Ratio** | 0.29 | - | Stress distribution analysis | | **Thermal Conductivity** | 36 W/m·K | 20°C (68°F) | Heat transfer calculations | | **Specific Heat Capacity** | 455 J/kg·K | 20°C (68°F) | Thermal process analysis | | **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 10.5 × 10⁻⁶/°C | 20-100°C | Thermal stress analysis | | **Electrical Resistivity** | 0.30 μΩ·m | 20°C (68°F) | Electrical/welding considerations | #### **4.6 Hardness Characteristics** - **As-Supplied Hardness:** 185-235 HB (typical) - **Maximum for Sour Service:** 22 HRC (237 HB) per NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 - **Through-Thickness Variation:** ≤ 35 HB points for thick plates - **After PWHT:** Typically 175-220 HB ### **5. Heat Treatment Requirements** #### **5.1 As-Supplied Condition: Normalized and Tempered** - **Normalizing Temperature:** 1650-1800°F (900-980°C) - **Tempering Temperature:** 1250-1450°F (675-790°C) - **Soaking Time:** 1-2 hours per inch minimum - **Cooling:** Air cool from both temperatures - **Purpose:** Achieve optimal tempered bainitic microstructure #### **5.2 Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) Requirements** - **Mandatory:** For all welded pressure-retaining components - **Temperature Range:** 1250-1450°F (675-790°C) - **Time:** 1 hour per inch minimum, 4 hours minimum for thick sections - **Heating/Cooling Rates:** 400°F/hour (222°C/hour) maximum - **Atmosphere:** Controlled to prevent decarburization #### **5.3 Advanced Heat Treatment Considerations** - **Simulated PWHT:** Required for procedure qualification - **Step Cooling Tests:** For temper embrittlement evaluation - **Isothermal Transformation:** For optimizing thick-section properties ### **6. Product Applications** #### **6.1 Primary Industries & Applications** | Industry | Specific Applications | Service Conditions | Market Share | |----------|----------------------|-------------------|--------------| | **Petroleum Refining** | - Hydrocracking reactors (85%+)
- Hydrotreating reactors
- Catalytic reformers | 750-950°F, 1500-3000 psi, high H₂ | **Dominant material** | | **Power Generation** | - Supercritical boilers
- Steam drums and headers
- High-pressure piping | 900-1150°F, 2500-4500 psi | ~40% of high-temperature units | | **Chemical Processing** | - Methanol synthesis
- Ammonia converters
- Ethylene crackers | 800-1050°F, various pressures | Standard for severe service | | **Oil & Gas** | - Gas processing vessels
- High-pressure separators
- LNG heat exchangers | 600-900°F, sour service | Preferred for reliability | #### **6.2 Special Application Advantages** - **Hydrogen Service:** Industry standard for hydroprocessing equipment - **Sulfidation Resistance:** Good protection to 950°F (510°C) - **Oxidation Resistance:** Effective to 1200°F (650°C) in steam - **Creep Strength:** Benchmark for 2¼Cr-1Mo alloys - **Fabrication History:** Extensive welding and forming experience ### **7. Fabrication Characteristics** #### **7.1 Weldability** **Weldability Rating:** **Very Good** (with established procedures) | Parameter | Requirements/Recommendations | |-----------|------------------------------| | **Carbon Equivalent** | 0.50-0.60% | | **Preheat Temperature** | 350-450°F (177-232°C) minimum | | **Interpass Temperature** | 400-650°F (204-343°C) maximum | | **Recommended Processes** | SMAW (E9018-B3), GTAW (root), SAW, FCAW | | **Heat Input Control** | 20-45 kJ/inch typical range | | **PWHT Requirement** | **Mandatory** with strict controls | #### **7.2 Welding Consumables** - **AWS Classification:** AWS A5.5 E9018-B3 (SMAW), AWS A5.23 F9PZ-EB3-B3 (SAW) - **Composition Matching:** Essential for hydrogen service - **Hydrogen Control:** Ultra-low hydrogen mandatory (<3 ml/100g) - **Procedure Qualification:** API 934 compliant procedures required #### **7.3 Forming & Machining** | Operation | Characteristics | Thickness Limitations | |-----------|----------------|-----------------------| | **Cold Forming** | Fair to good | Limited to <2" without intermediate stress relief | | **Hot Forming** | 1650-1800°F (899-982°C) | Requires complete re-heat treatment | | **Machining** | 50-55% of free-cutting steel | Requires rigid setups, positive rake tools | | **Thermal Cutting** | Plasma, laser preferred | Preheat required for >1" thickness | | **Shearing/Punching** | Limited | Generally <1" thickness | ### **8. Comparative Analysis** #### **8.1 Within A387 Series Comparison** | Property | **Grade 22 Class 2** | Grade 11 Class 2 | Grade 21 Class 2 | Grade 5 Class 2 | |----------|----------------------|------------------|------------------|-----------------| | **Chromium Content** | 2.00-2.50% | 1.00-1.50% | 2.80-3.25% | 4.00-6.00% | | **Temperature Limit** | 1200°F (650°C) | 1000°F (540°C) | 1100°F (595°C) | 1200°F (650°C) | | **Nelson Curve (900°F)** | 450 psi | 150 psi | 350 psi | 600 psi | | **Market Adoption** | **Industry Standard** | Common | Niche | Specialized | | **Cost Factor** | 1.0x (Baseline) | 0.8-0.9x | 1.1-1.3x | 1.5-2.0x | #### **8.2 Versus Modified and Advanced Grades** | Material | Key Additions | Advantages vs. Gr 22 | Typical Applications | |----------|---------------|----------------------|---------------------| | **A387 Gr 22** | None | **Proven, economical** | General hydroprocessing | | A387 Gr 22V | 0.25-0.35% V | Enhanced creep strength | Thick-wall reactors | | Grade 91 | 8-9% Cr, V, Nb | Higher temperature | Advanced power plants | | Grade 92 | 9% Cr, W, V, Nb | Superior creep | Ultra-supercritical | ### **9. Technical Advantages** #### **9.1 Key Benefits** 1. **Industry Standard:** Most proven 2¼Cr-1Mo material worldwide 2. **Excellent Hydrogen Resistance:** API 934 compliant for hydroprocessing 3. **Superior Creep Strength:** Established 100,000+ hour database 4. **Ready-to-Use Condition:** Minimizes fabrication heat treatment 5. **Extensive Experience:** Decades of fabrication and service data #### **9.2 Performance Advantages** - **Long-Term Stability:** Minimal property degradation over time - **Weldability:** Well-established procedures and consumables - **Inspection History:** Extensive non-destructive testing database - **Failure Analysis:** Comprehensive understanding of failure modes ### **10. Design Considerations** #### **10.1 Design Temperature Limits (ASME Section II Part D)** - **Maximum Metal Temperature:** 1200°F (650°C) for pressure parts - **Hydrogen Partial Pressure:** Per latest Nelson curves - **Minimum Design Temperature:** -20°F (-29°C) without impact testing - **Cyclic Service:** ASME VIII-2 fatigue analysis required #### **10.2 Corrosion & Environmental Considerations** - **Oxidation Limit:** 1200°F (650°C) in steam, 1100°F (595°C) in air - **Sulfidation:** Limited to 900°F (482°C) in high-sulfur streams - **Hydrogen Attack:** Excellent within Nelson curve limits - **Polythionic Acid SCC:** Requires wet layup with alkaline solution ### **11. Quality Assurance & Testing** #### **11.1 Mandatory Testing Requirements** 1. **Complete Chemical Analysis:** Ladle, product, and verification 2. **Tensile Testing:** Multiple orientations for thick plates 3. **Hardness Testing:** Grid pattern for thick sections 4. **Impact Testing:** Typically specified for pressure vessels #### **11.2 Specialized Testing (API 934 Requirements)** - **Step-Cooling Tests:** For temper embrittlement susceptibility - **Ultrasonic Testing:** 100% per ASTM A578 Level II minimum - **Macroetch Examination:** For thick plate centerline quality - **Simulated PWHT Testing:** For procedure qualification #### **11.3 Hardness Control for Critical Services** - **Sour Service:** ≤22 HRC (237 HB) per NACE MR0175 - **Hydrogen Service:** Typically 200-225 HB maximum - **Testing:** 100% for welded areas in critical service - **Documentation:** Complete hardness maps required ### **12. Procurement & Specification** #### **12.1 Essential Ordering Information** When specifying ASTM A387 Grade 22 Class 2: - Full designation: ASTM A387/A387M Grade 22 Class 2 - API 934 compliance if required - Thickness range and dimensional tolerances - Testing package (UT, impact, step-cooling, etc.) - Certification to EN 10204 3.2 - Any customer-specific requirements #### **12.2 Supply Chain Considerations** - **Lead Time:** 12-24 weeks for thick plates - **Mill Qualifications:** Limited to specialized plate mills - **Testing Facilities:** Mill must have advanced testing capabilities - **Traceability:** Complete "melt to component" documentation ### **13. Case Studies** #### **13.1 World-Scale Hydrocracker - Middle East** **Application:** 150,000 BPD hydrocracker reactor **Design:** 8" wall thickness, 3500 psi at 850°F, H₂ partial pressure 2000 psi **Performance:** 25+ years of continuous operation, minimal degradation, still in service #### **13.2 Ultra-Supercritical Power Plant - Europe** **Application:** Advanced USC boiler drums and headers **Conditions:** 4" thickness, 4500 psi at 1150°F **Results:** Met all creep and oxidation requirements, 15+ year design life achieved ### **14. Industry Trends & Developments** #### **14.1 Current Market Position** - **Hydroprocessing:** >80% market share for reactors - **Power Generation:** Being replaced by Grades 91/92 in new units - **Refinery Expansions:** Continued demand for capacity increases - **Life Extension:** Major market for repair and replacement #### **14.2 Technical Developments** - **Improved Purity:** Lower sulfur and phosphorus for better properties - **Advanced NDT:** Phased array UT for better defect detection - **Digital Twins:** Integration with plant lifecycle management - **Repair Technologies:** Advanced weld repair procedures ### **15. Conclusion** **ASTM A387 Grade 22 Class 2** represents the **industry benchmark for 2¼Cr-1Mo alloy steel plates** in **high-temperature hydrogen service applications**. Its technical attributes provide: **Primary Advantages:** 1. **Proven Performance:** Decades of successful hydroprocessing applications 2. **Excellent Hydrogen Resistance:** Industry standard per Nelson curves 3. **Superior Creep Strength:** Extensive long-term data available 4. **Ready-to-Fabricate:** Minimizes additional heat treatment 5. **Comprehensive Support:** Extensive industry experience and support **Optimal Application Scenarios:** - Hydroprocessing reactors (hydrocrackers, hydrotreaters) - High-temperature pressure vessels up to 1200°F - Thick-walled components requiring consistent properties - Applications where reliability cannot be compromised **Critical Success Factors:** - Strict adherence to API 934 and ASME code requirements - Proper welding procedure qualification including simulated PWHT - Comprehensive NDT and quality control - Experienced fabricators familiar with chromium-molybdenum steels **Future Outlook:** While newer advanced alloys (Grades 91, 92, 122) are gaining market share in power generation, **Grade 22 Class 2 maintains its dominant position in refinery hydroprocessing** due to its proven track record, extensive database, and established supply chain. Its combination of performance, reliability, and economic viability ensures its continued use for decades to come in appropriate applications. For engineers designing **critical high-temperature hydrogen service equipment**, **Grade 22 Class 2 remains the gold standard material choice** with unparalleled service history and industry confidence. When specified, fabricated, and maintained according to established best practices, it delivers **decades of safe, reliable performance** in the world's most demanding refinery and petrochemical applications. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A387 Alloy Steel, Grade 22, Class 2 Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <5998 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A387 Alloy Steel, Grade 22, Class 2 Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Spherical ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Powder, Grade 22, Class 2 Particle Size Description -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Applications of Spherical ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Powder, Grade 22, Class 2 -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Applications of ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 22, Class 2 -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 22, Class 2 -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 22, Class 2 -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Spherical Powder drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 2469 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition