Spherical ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Powder, Grade 22, Class 1

ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 22, Class 1 Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 22, Class 1 Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Spherical ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Powder, Grade 22, Class 1 characteristics -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Spherical ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Powder, Grade 22, Class 1 Particle Size -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- -:- 0-15μm ,5-25μm, 15-45μm, 15-53μm,20-63um, 45-75μm, 45-105μm, 45-150μm ,75-150μm. (Various granularities can be customized according to customer requirements) -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Spherical ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Powder, Grade 22, Class 1 Applicable processes -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Laser/electron beam additive manufacturing (SLM/EBM, 3D printing) Direct laser deposition (DLD) Used in thermal spray (TSA) Powder hot isostatic pressing (HIP) Metal injection molding (MIM) Powder metallurgy (PM) Laser cladding (LC), etc. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Spherical ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Powder, Grade 22, Class 1 Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A387 Alloy Steel, Grade 22, Class 1 Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ## **ASTM A387 Grade 22 Class 1 - 2.25% Chromium-1% Molybdenum Alloy Steel Plate (Annealed Condition)** ### **1. Product Overview** **ASTM A387 Grade 22 Class 1** is an **annealed 2.25% chromium-1% molybdenum alloy steel plate** designed for **pressure vessel applications operating at elevated temperatures up to 1200°F (650°C)**. As part of the widely used "2¼Cr-1Mo" alloy family, this grade provides exceptional balance of **high-temperature strength, creep resistance, oxidation resistance, and hydrogen attack resistance**. The Class 1 designation indicates the material is supplied in a fully softened, annealed condition, optimized for extensive forming and fabrication operations with final heat treatment performed after component manufacturing. This intermediate chromium-molybdenum steel represents one of the most versatile and extensively used high-temperature alloys in the power generation, petroleum refining, and chemical processing industries. Its combination of 2.25% chromium (for oxidation and sulfidation resistance) and 1% molybdenum (for creep strength and hydrogen resistance) provides a cost-effective solution for severe service conditions where lower chromium grades are inadequate and higher alloys are economically unjustified. ### **2. Key International Standards & Specifications** | Standard System | Equivalent Designation | Notes | |-----------------|------------------------|-------| | **ASTM/ASME** | **ASTM A387/A387M Grade 22 Class 1** / **SA-387 Grade 22 Class 1** | Primary specification, ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section I & VIII Div 1 & 2 | | **European (EN)** | **EN 10028-2: 10CrMo9-10** (similar) | European equivalent, slightly different chemistry | | **Japanese (JIS)** | **JIS G4109 SCMV 4** | Japanese Cr-Mo steel designation | | **German (DIN)** | **1.7383** | 10CrMo9-10 designation | | **ISO** | **ISO 9328-2: 12CrMo9-10** | International standard for similar grade | | **Chinese** | **GB 713 12Cr2Mo1R** | Chinese pressure vessel steel equivalent | | **Unified Numbering System** | **UNS K21590** | Standard material designation | | **API** | **API 934/934A** | Materials for high-temperature hydrogen service | **Classification Society Approvals:** Fully approved by ABS, DNV, LR, BV, ClassNK, and all major societies for high-temperature pressure vessel applications. ### **3. Chemical Composition (% by Weight)** | Element | ASTM A387 Grade 22 Class 1 Requirements | Metallurgical Purpose | |---------|------------------------------------------|------------------------| | **Carbon (C)** | **0.05-0.15%** | Carefully balanced for optimal creep strength and weldability | | **Manganese (Mn)** | **0.30-0.60%** | Controlled to enhance hardenability without excessive strength | | **Phosphorus (P)** | **0.025% maximum** | Extremely low to prevent temper embrittlement in thick sections | | **Sulfur (S)** | **0.025% maximum** | Stringent control for hydrogen-induced cracking resistance | | **Silicon (Si)** | **0.50% maximum** | Deoxidizer; contributes to high-temperature oxidation resistance | | **Chromium (Cr)** | **2.00-2.50%** | **Primary alloying element** - provides oxidation/sulfidation resistance and solid solution strengthening | | **Molybdenum (Mo)** | **0.90-1.10%** | **Critical alloying element** - enhances creep strength and hydrogen attack resistance | | **Nickel (Ni)** | **0.40% maximum** (residual) | Kept low to control microstructure and cost | | **Copper (Cu)** | **0.20% maximum** (residual) | Residual element control | | **Vanadium (V)** | **0.03% maximum** (residual) | Minimized to prevent excessive precipitation hardening | | **Tramp Elements** | Sn, As, Sb <0.015% each | Strict control for temper embrittlement resistance | **Key Metallurgical Features:** - **Carbon Equivalent (CE):** 0.45-0.55% (IIW formula) - **J-Factor:** <100 (J = (Si+Mn)×(P+Sn)×10⁴) for temper embrittlement control - **X-Factor:** <15 (X = (10P + 5Sb + 4Sn + As)×10⁻²) for step-cooling embrittlement - **Annealed Microstructure:** Fully soft ferrite-pearlite with fine carbides - **Hardenability:** High; suitable for very thick sections up to 12 inches ### **4. Mechanical & Physical Properties** #### **4.1 Tensile Properties (Annealed Condition - As Supplied)** | Property | Minimum Requirement | Typical Range | Test Standard | |----------|---------------------|---------------|---------------| | **Yield Strength (0.2% offset)** | **30 ksi (205 MPa)** | 32-42 ksi (220-290 MPa) | ASTM A370 | | **Tensile Strength** | **60-85 ksi (415-585 MPa)** | 65-78 ksi (450-540 MPa) | ASTM A370 | | **Elongation (in 2" / 50mm gauge)** | **30%** minimum | 32-40% | ASTM A370 | | **Reduction of Area** | Not specified | Typically 60-75% | ASTM A370 | **Note:** These properties represent the soft, annealed condition ideal for fabrication. Final design properties are achieved after normalizing and tempering heat treatment. #### **4.2 Properties After Final Heat Treatment (Typical)** | Property | After Normalizing & Tempering | |----------|-------------------------------| | **Yield Strength** | 45-60 ksi (310-415 MPa) | | **Tensile Strength** | 75-95 ksi (515-655 MPa) | | **Elongation** | 18-25% | | **Hardness** | 180-230 HB | #### **4.3 Elevated Temperature Properties (After Final HT)** | Temperature | Yield Strength Retention | Tensile Strength Retention | Creep-Rupture Strength (100,000 hr) | |-------------|--------------------------|----------------------------|-------------------------------------| | **900°F (482°C)** | ~85% of RT value | ~90% of RT value | 12-15 ksi (83-103 MPa) | | **1000°F (538°C)** | ~75% of RT value | ~80% of RT value | 7-9 ksi (48-62 MPa) | | **1100°F (593°C)** | ~65% of RT value | ~70% of RT value | 3-5 ksi (21-34 MPa) | | **1200°F (649°C)** | ~55% of RT value | ~60% of RT value | 1-2 ksi (7-14 MPa) | #### **4.4 Hydrogen Service Properties (Per ASME Nelson Curves)** | Temperature | Maximum Allowable Hydrogen Partial Pressure | |-------------|---------------------------------------------| | **700°F (371°C)** | 1600 psi (11.0 MPa) | | **800°F (427°C)** | 800 psi (5.5 MPa) | | **900°F (482°C)** | 400 psi (2.8 MPa) | | **1000°F (538°C)** | 200 psi (1.4 MPa) | *Reference: ASME Section II Part D, Mandatory Appendix 5* #### **4.5 Physical Properties** | Property | Value | Conditions | Design Significance | |----------|-------|------------|---------------------| | **Density** | 7.86 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³) | 20°C (68°F) | Weight calculations | | **Modulus of Elasticity** | 29,500 ksi (203 GPa) | 20°C (68°F) | Stiffness and deflection | | **Shear Modulus** | 11,500 ksi (79 GPa) | 20°C (68°F) | Torsional applications | | **Poisson's Ratio** | 0.29 | - | Stress analysis | | **Thermal Conductivity** | 36 W/m·K | 20°C (68°F) | Heat transfer analysis | | **Specific Heat Capacity** | 455 J/kg·K | 20°C (68°F) | Thermal process calculations | | **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 10.5 × 10⁻⁶/°C | 20-100°C | Thermal stress analysis | | **Electrical Resistivity** | 0.30 μΩ·m | 20°C (68°F) | Electrical applications | #### **4.6 Hardness Characteristics** - **As-Supplied (Annealed):** 140-180 HB - **After Final HT:** 190-240 HB - **Maximum for Sour Service:** 22 HRC (237 HB) per NACE - **Through-Thickness Uniformity:** Excellent due to full annealing ### **5. Heat Treatment Requirements** #### **5.1 As-Supplied Condition: Annealed** - **Annealing Temperature:** 1550-1650°F (845-900°C) - **Soaking Time:** 1-2 hours per inch of thickness - **Cooling:** Furnace cool to below 800°F (427°C), then air cool - **Purpose:** Produce soft, homogeneous microstructure for forming #### **5.2 Final Heat Treatment (After Fabrication)** 1. **Normalizing:** - Temperature: 1650-1800°F (900-980°C) - Soak: 1 hour per inch minimum - Cooling: Air cool 2. **Tempering:** - Temperature: 1250-1450°F (675-790°C) - Soak: 1-2 hours per inch - Cooling: Air cool or faster #### **5.3 Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)** - **Mandatory:** For all welded pressure-retaining components - **Temperature:** 1250-1450°F (675-790°C) - **Time:** 1 hour per inch minimum - **Purpose:** Stress relief and microstructure stabilization ### **6. Product Applications** #### **6.1 Primary Industries & Applications** | Industry | Specific Applications | Service Conditions | Selection Rationale | |----------|----------------------|-------------------|---------------------| | **Petroleum Refining** | - Hydrocracking reactors
- Hydrotreating reactors
- Catalytic reformers | 750-1000°F (399-538°C), high H₂ | Superior hydrogen attack resistance | | **Power Generation** | - High-pressure boilers
- Steam drums and headers
- Superheater components | 900-1150°F (482-621°C) | Excellent creep and oxidation resistance | | **Chemical Processing** | - Methanol converters
- Ammonia synthesis
- Ethylene pyrolysis | 800-1050°F (427-566°C) | Thermal stability and strength | | **Oil & Gas** | - Gas processing vessels
- High-pressure separators
- Sulfur recovery | 600-900°F (316-482°C) | Sulfidation resistance | #### **6.2 Special Application Advantages** - **Hydrogen Service:** Excellent performance per Nelson curves - **Sulfidation Resistance:** Good protection to 900°F (482°C) - **Oxidation Resistance:** Effective to 1200°F (649°C) - **Creep Strength:** Outstanding long-term performance at high temperatures ### **7. Fabrication Characteristics** #### **7.1 Weldability** **Weldability Rating:** **Good** (with proper procedural controls) | Parameter | Requirements/Recommendations | |-----------|------------------------------| | **Carbon Equivalent** | 0.50-0.60% | | **Preheat Temperature** | 300-400°F (149-204°C) minimum | | **Interpass Temperature** | 400-600°F (204-316°C) | | **Recommended Processes** | SMAW (E9018-B3), GTAW, SAW | | **Heat Input Control** | Moderate control required | | **PWHT** | **Mandatory** after welding | #### **7.2 Welding Consumables** - **AWS Classification:** AWS A5.5 E9018-B3 or equivalent - **Composition Matching:** Essential for service performance - **Hydrogen Control:** Ultra-low hydrogen practices mandatory - **Procedure Qualification:** Extensive testing required #### **7.3 Forming & Machining (Annealed Condition)** - **Cold Forming:** **Excellent** - ideal for complex geometries - **Hot Forming:** 1650-1800°F (899-982°C) with re-heat treatment - **Machining:** Good in annealed condition - **Cutting:** All standard methods suitable ### **8. Comparative Analysis** #### **8.1 Within A387 Series Comparison** | Property | **Grade 22 Class 1** | Grade 11 Class 1 | Grade 21 Class 1 | |----------|----------------------|------------------|------------------| | **Chromium Content** | 2.00-2.50% | 1.00-1.50% | 2.80-3.25% | | **Molybdenum Content** | 0.90-1.10% | 0.45-0.65% | 0.90-1.10% | | **Temperature Limit** | 1200°F (649°C) | 1000°F (538°C) | 1100°F (593°C) | | **Hydrogen Resistance** | **Excellent** | Good | Excellent | | **Cost Factor** | 1.1-1.3x | 1.0x | 1.2-1.4x | #### **8.2 Versus Modified 2¼Cr-1Mo Alloys** | Material | Vanadium Content | Typical Applications | Advantages | |----------|-----------------|---------------------|------------| | **A387 Gr 22** | <0.03% | General high-temperature | **Proven reliability** | | A387 Gr 22V | 0.25-0.35% | Thick-wall reactors | Enhanced creep strength | | A387 Gr 23 | V, Nb, B additions | Advanced power plants | Superior oxidation resistance | ### **9. Technical Advantages** #### **9.1 Key Benefits** 1. **Proven High-Temperature Performance:** Decades of successful service 2. **Excellent Hydrogen Resistance:** Superior per Nelson curves 3. **Outstanding Creep Strength:** Long-term durability at elevated temperatures 4. **Superior Fabricability:** Annealed condition enables complex forming 5. **Extensive Database:** Comprehensive property data available #### **9.2 Special Metallurgical Properties** - **Microstructural Stability:** Resists degradation in long-term service - **Temper Embrittlement Resistance:** Controlled chemistry minimizes risk - **Weld Joint Integrity:** Proper procedures yield excellent joints - **Through-Thickness Properties:** Uniform due to annealing ### **10. Design Considerations** #### **10.1 Design Temperature Limits** - **Maximum Design Temperature:** 1200°F (649°C) continuous service - **Hydrogen Service:** Strict adherence to ASME Nelson curves - **Minimum Temperature:** -20°F (-29°C) without impact testing - **Cyclic Service:** Requires detailed fatigue analysis #### **10.2 Corrosion Considerations** - **Oxidation:** Good to 1200°F (649°C) in air/steam - **Sulfidation:** Good resistance to 900°F (482°C) - **Hydrogen Attack:** Excellent within Nelson curve limits - **Polythionic Acid SCC:** Requires proper shutdown procedures ### **11. Quality Assurance & Testing** #### **11.1 Mandatory Testing** 1. **Chemical Analysis:** Complete heat and product analysis 2. **Tensile Testing:** One test per plate or 50 tons 3. **Hardness Testing:** Multiple locations for consistency #### **11.2 Special Tests for Critical Applications** - **Charpy Impact Testing:** At service and PWHT conditions - **Ultrasonic Testing:** 100% per ASTM A578 for thick plates - **Step-Cooling Tests:** For temper embrittlement evaluation - **Creep Testing:** For long-term service validation ### **12. Procurement & Specification** #### **12.1 Essential Ordering Information** When specifying ASTM A387 Grade 22 Class 1: - Full designation: ASTM A387/A387M Grade 22 Class 1 - Plate dimensions and tolerances - Testing requirements - Certification requirements - Final heat treatment parameters if known #### **12.2 Availability & Lead Times** - **Thickness Range:** 0.5 to 12 inches (12 to 300 mm) - **Standard Sizes:** Available from major mills - **Lead Time:** 10-16 weeks for standard orders - **Mill Sources:** Multiple qualified producers worldwide ### **13. Case Studies** #### **13.1 High-Pressure Hydrocracker** **Application:** 100,000 BPD hydrocracker reactor **Design Conditions:** 6" wall thickness, 3000 psi at 850°F **Performance:** Exceeded Nelson curve requirements, 20+ years service #### **13.2 Supercritical Boiler** **Application:** Advanced supercritical boiler drums **Conditions:** 4" thickness, 3500 psi at 1100°F **Results:** Excellent creep resistance, met all ASME requirements ### **14. Industry Trends** #### **14.1 Current Applications** - **Clean Energy:** Advanced power generation - **Refinery Upgrades:** Higher severity processing - **Hydrogen Production:** Steam methane reformers - **Chemical Processing:** High-temperature reactors #### **14.2 Technical Developments** - **Improved Cleanliness:** Lower tramp elements - **Advanced Heat Treatment:** More precise control - **Welding Automation:** Increased use of automated processes - **Digital Documentation:** Complete traceability systems ### **15. Conclusion** **ASTM A387 Grade 22 Class 1** represents a **versatile and proven 2¼Cr-1Mo alloy steel** for **demanding high-temperature pressure vessel applications** requiring extensive fabrication in annealed condition. Its technical attributes provide: **Primary Advantages:** 1. **Excellent High-Temperature Performance:** Suitable to 1200°F continuously 2. **Superior Hydrogen Resistance:** Excellent per Nelson curves 3. **Outstanding Fabricability:** Annealed condition ideal for complex forming 4. **Proven Reliability:** Decades of successful applications 5. **Code Compliance:** Fully ASME and international code approved **Optimal Application Scenarios:** - High-temperature hydrogen service equipment - Components requiring extensive cold forming - Thick-walled pressure vessels - Applications where post-fabrication heat treatment is planned **Critical Success Factors:** - Strict adherence to design limits - Proper welding procedure qualification - Mandatory PWHT after welding - Careful control of fabrication processes **Material Selection Considerations:** - **Choose Grade 22 when:** Temperatures approach 1100-1200°F, hydrogen service required - **Consider lower alloys when:** Temperatures <1000°F, cost sensitivity high - **Consider higher alloys when:** Temperatures >1200°F, severe oxidation expected ASTM A387 Grade 22 Class 1 continues to be a **foundation material for high-temperature pressure equipment**, offering a **balanced solution** that combines excellent high-temperature properties with good fabricability. Its ability to be supplied in **fully annealed condition** makes it particularly valuable for fabricators needing to create complex vessel geometries. For engineers designing **critical high-temperature equipment** operating in the 900-1200°F range, **Grade 22 Class 1 provides a technically sound, code-approved material selection** with an extensive track record of reliable performance. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A387 Alloy Steel, Grade 22, Class 1 Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <5997 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A387 Alloy Steel, Grade 22, Class 1 Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Spherical ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Powder, Grade 22, Class 1 Particle Size Description -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Applications of Spherical ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Powder, Grade 22, Class 1 -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Applications of ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 22, Class 1 -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 22, Class 1 -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of ASTM A387 Alloy Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 22, Class 1 -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Spherical Powder drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 2468 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition