Spherical ASTM A514 Steel Powder, Grade S

ASTM A514 Steel Spherical Powder, Grade S Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A514 Steel Spherical Powder, Grade S Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Spherical ASTM A514 Steel Powder, Grade S characteristics -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Spherical ASTM A514 Steel Powder, Grade S Particle Size -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- -:- 0-15μm ,5-25μm, 15-45μm, 15-53μm,20-63um, 45-75μm, 45-105μm, 45-150μm ,75-150μm. (Various granularities can be customized according to customer requirements) -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Spherical ASTM A514 Steel Powder, Grade S Applicable processes -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Laser/electron beam additive manufacturing (SLM/EBM, 3D printing) Direct laser deposition (DLD) Used in thermal spray (TSA) Powder hot isostatic pressing (HIP) Metal injection molding (MIM) Powder metallurgy (PM) Laser cladding (LC), etc. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Spherical ASTM A514 Steel Powder, Grade S Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A514 Steel, Grade S Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # **Product Introduction: ASTM A514 Grade S Quenched & Tempered Alloy Steel Plate** **ASTM A514 Grade S** is a **premium high-strength, quenched and tempered alloy steel plate** specifically engineered for applications demanding **exceptional toughness at low temperatures combined with 100 ksi (690 MPa) minimum yield strength**. As part of the A514 family (often called "T-1 type" steels), Grade S is distinguished by its **enhanced low-temperature impact properties**, making it particularly suitable for critical structural applications in cold climates or where fracture resistance is paramount. It maintains the characteristic 100 ksi yield strength while offering improved toughness over other A514 grades. --- ## **1. Key International Standards & Specifications** * **Primary Standard:** **ASTM A514/A514M** - Standard Specification for High-Yield-Strength, Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding * **Alternative Designation:** **ASTM A517/A517M Grade S** - Essentially identical specification * **ASME Code Adoption:** **SA-514 Grade S** in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II * **Military Specifications:** Often meets or exceeds **MIL-S-23284** requirements * **International Equivalents:** * **EN 10025-6:** S690QL, S690QL1 (similar strength with enhanced low-temp toughness) * **ISO 4950-3:** High yield strength flat steel products - Quenched and tempered steels * **JIS G3124:** SHT690 (Japanese equivalent, may require supplemental specifications) * **GB/T 16270:** Q690D/E (Chinese equivalents, with D/E denoting low-temp toughness grades) --- ## **2. Chemical Composition (Weight %)** | Element | Composition Range (%) | Metallurgical Function | |---------|----------------------|------------------------| | Carbon (C) | 0.10-0.21 | Controlled for optimal strength-toughness balance | | Manganese (Mn) | 0.70-1.00 | Enhances hardenability while maintaining toughness | | Phosphorus (P) | 0.035 max | Stringently controlled for toughness preservation | | Sulfur (S) | 0.040 max | Low levels with inclusion shape control | | Silicon (Si) | 0.15-0.35 | Deoxidizer and solid solution strengthener | | Chromium (Cr) | 0.40-0.80 | Enhances hardenability and tempering resistance | | Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.15-0.25 | Provides tempering resistance and reduces embrittlement | | Vanadium (V) | 0.03-0.08 | Grain refinement via precipitation strengthening | | **Nickel (Ni)** | **0.25-0.50** | **Critical addition: Significantly improves low-temperature toughness** | | Boron (B) | 0.001-0.005 | Dramatically increases hardenability at minimal levels | | Copper (Cu) | 0.15-0.50 (optional) | May be present, enhances atmospheric corrosion resistance | ### **Carbon Equivalent Calculations:** - **IIW Formula:** CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr+Mo+V)/5 + (Ni+Cu)/15 ≈ **0.48-0.65** - **Pcm Formula:** C + Si/30 + (Mn+Cu+Cr)/20 + Ni/60 + Mo/15 + V/10 + 5B ≈ **0.22-0.32** - **Weldability Classification:** Good with proper procedures (moderate Pcm for this strength level) ### **Key Composition Features:** 1. **Nickel Addition:** Primary differentiator from Grade R; improves toughness at low temperatures 2. **Boron-Enhanced Hardenability:** Allows through-thickness properties with leaner bulk chemistry 3. **Clean Steel Practice:** Low residuals for maximum toughness 4. **Balanced Alloying:** Optimized for combined strength and toughness --- ## **3. Mechanical & Physical Properties** ### **Minimum Mechanical Properties (Up to 2.5 in / 63.5 mm thick):** - **Tensile Strength:** **760-895 MPa** (110-130 ksi) - **Yield Strength (0.2% offset):** **690 MPa minimum** (100 ksi minimum) - **Elongation in 2 in. (50 mm):** **18% minimum** - **Reduction of Area:** Typically 45-60% - **Hardness Range:** 235-293 HB (Brinell) ### **Enhanced Impact Toughness (Defining Characteristic):** - **Charpy V-Notch Testing:** Mandatory with stringent requirements - **Standard Test Temperature:** **-29°C (-20°F)** or lower as specified - **Minimum Absorbed Energy:** **34 J (25 ft-lb)** minimum average at specified temperature - **Individual Specimens:** Typically no single value < 27 J (20 ft-lb) - **Lower Temperature Options:** Can be specified for -46°C (-50°F) or -60°C (-76°F) service ### **Thickness-Dependent Properties:** | Thickness Range | Minimum Yield Strength | Impact Test Temperature | Notes | |-----------------|------------------------|-------------------------|-------| | ≤ 1.5 in (38 mm) | 690 MPa (100 ksi) | As specified (-29°C typical) | Full properties | | 1.5-2.5 in (38-63.5 mm) | 690 MPa (100 ksi) | As specified | Slight toughness reduction possible | | 2.5-4.0 in (63.5-102 mm) | 620 MPa (90 ksi) | Warmer temperature may apply | Manufacturer consultation required | ### **Physical Properties:** | Property | Value | Conditions/Notes | |----------|-------|------------------| | Density | 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³) | Room temperature | | Modulus of Elasticity | 200 GPa (29×10⁶ psi) | Room temperature | | Shear Modulus | 77 GPa (11.2×10⁶ psi) | Room temperature | | Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | - | | Coefficient of Thermal Expansion | 11.8×10⁻⁶/°C | 20-100°C range | | Thermal Conductivity | 40-44 W/m·K | 100°C (slightly lower than carbon steel due to alloying) | | Specific Heat | 450-470 J/kg·K | 100°C | | Electrical Resistivity | 0.25-0.30 μΩ·m | Room temperature | --- ## **4. Heat Treatment & Microstructure** ### **Mandatory Heat Treatment Sequence:** 1. **Austenitizing:** 900-955°C (1650-1750°F) with precise temperature control 2. **Quenching:** Accelerated cooling (water or aggressive polymer quench) 3. **Tempering:** 595-690°C (1100-1275°F) - critical for toughness development 4. **Cooling:** Controlled air cooling ### **Microstructural Characteristics:** - **Primary Phase:** Fine tempered martensite/lower bainite - **Carbide Distribution:** Ultra-fine, uniformly dispersed alloy carbides - **Prior Austenite Grain Size:** ASTM 8 or finer (≤22 μm) - **Inclusion Control:** Maximum ASTM rating of 1.0 for sulfides and oxides - **Microcleanliness:** Superior to standard structural steels ### **Tempering Considerations:** - **Tempering Temperature:** Higher within range often used for maximum toughness - **Tempering Time:** Extended times at temperature for optimal carbide precipitation - **Temper Embrittlement Resistance:** Nickel and molybdenum reduce susceptibility --- ## **5. Key Characteristics & Advantages** ### **Exceptional Low-Temperature Toughness:** - **Enhanced Fracture Resistance:** Maintains ductility at sub-zero temperatures - **Lower Ductile-Brittle Transition:** Transition temperature typically below -40°C (-40°F) - **Crack Arrest Capability:** Resists crack propagation under impact loading ### **High Strength with Good Ductility:** - **100 ksi Yield Strength:** Enables significant weight reduction - **Maintained Elongation:** 18% minimum despite high strength - **Good Fatigue Resistance:** Superior to many lower-strength steels ### **Weldability (For 100 ksi Steel):** - **Surprisingly Good Weldability:** Due to controlled carbon and carbon equivalent - **Established Procedures:** Well-documented welding practices available - **HAZ Toughness:** Maintains good properties in heat-affected zone with proper procedures ### **Fabrication Characteristics:** - **Machinability:** Fair to good (approximately 55% of 1212 steel) - **Formability:** Limited cold formability; hot forming recommended - **Cutting:** Requires appropriate techniques and equipment ### **Economic Advantages:** - **Weight Reduction:** Enables lighter structures without sacrificing performance - **Lifecycle Cost:** Extended service life in demanding environments - **Fabrication Efficiency:** Can reduce welding and handling costs through smaller sections --- ## **6. Product Applications** ### **Construction & Mining Equipment (Arctic/Cold Climate):** - **Mining Shovel Components:** Dipper handles, boom structures in cold regions - **Excavator Arms and Linkages:** For operations in sub-zero temperatures - **Crane Components:** Especially critical for cranes operating in cold climates - **Drilling Rig Structures:** Arctic and offshore cold-environment equipment ### **Transportation & Infrastructure:** - **Bridge Components:** For cold-climate bridges and movable bridge components - **Offshore Platform Structures:** Splash zone and above-water components - **Railroad Equipment:** Arctic service freight car components, couplers - **Specialized Vehicle Frames:** For heavy transport in cold regions ### **Energy Sector:** - **Wind Turbine Towers:** For cold climate installations, particularly lower sections - **Hydroelectric Equipment:** Gate structures and components in cold climates - **Pipeline Compressor Stations:** Structural components in Arctic regions - **Power Transmission Towers:** For heavy ice-loading regions ### **Material Handling:** - **Bulk Handling Equipment:** Stackers, reclaimers operating in cold climates - **Port Equipment:** Cranes and handling equipment for Arctic ports - **Conveyor System Structures:** For critical cold-environment applications ### **Defense & Special Applications:** - **Arctic Military Equipment:** Vehicle components and structures - **Icebreaking Vessel Components:** Structural elements - **Cryogenic Equipment Support Structures:** Near LNG facilities --- ## **7. Fabrication Guidelines** ### **Welding Procedures (Critical for Maintaining Properties):** #### **Preheat Requirements:** | Thickness | Minimum Preheat | Recommended Range | |-----------|-----------------|-------------------| | ≤ 0.75 in (19 mm) | 95°C (200°F) | 120-150°C (250-300°F) | | 0.75-1.5 in (19-38 mm) | 120°C (250°F) | 150-180°C (300-350°F) | | 1.5-2.5 in (38-63.5 mm) | 150°C (300°F) | 180-200°C (350-400°F) | | > 2.5 in (>63.5 mm) | 175°C (350°F) | 200-230°C (400-450°F) | #### **Filler Metal Selection:** - **SMAW:** E11018, E12018, or special E11018M for maximum toughness - **FCAW:** E111T1-K3, E121T1-K3 with appropriate shielding gases - **SAW:** F12A8-EL12, F13A2-EM12K with neutral to basic fluxes - **GMAW:** ER110S, ER120S with Ar-CO₂ or Ar-O₂ mixtures #### **Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT):** - **Generally Not Required:** For most applications with proper procedures - **Optional Stress Relief:** 565-620°C (1050-1150°F) for highly restrained joints - **Critical:** PWHT temperature must remain below the original tempering temperature ### **Cutting & Machining:** - **Plasma Cutting:** Preferred method; leaves minimal HAZ - **Laser Cutting:** Excellent for precision work up to 25 mm thickness - **Oxy-Fuel Cutting:** Requires preheat (95°C minimum) and controlled cooling - **Machining:** Use positive rake tools, rigid setups, and adequate cooling ### **Forming Operations:** - **Cold Forming:** Limited to simple bends with generous radii (≥5× thickness) - **Hot Forming:** Recommended at 870-925°C (1600-1700°F) - **Post-Forming Treatment:** Hot-formed parts may require re-tempering --- ## **8. Design Considerations** ### **Structural Design Principles:** - **Allowable Stresses:** Typically 0.60 × yield strength for static loads (414 MPa / 60 ksi) - **Fatigue Design:** Refer to applicable codes (AISC, AWS, etc.) with appropriate S-N curves - **Fracture Mechanics:** Consider for critical applications in low-temperature service - **Connection Design:** Both welded and bolted connections suitable with proper detailing ### **Temperature Limitations:** - **Minimum Design Temperature:** Can be as low as **-60°C (-76°F)** with proper specification - **Maximum Service Temperature:** ~400°C (750°F) for intermittent service - **Long-Term High-Temperature:** Not recommended above 370°C (700°F) ### **Notch Sensitivity Considerations:** - **Reduced Sensitivity:** Nickel addition decreases notch sensitivity - **Design Details:** Still require careful attention to stress concentrations - **Inspection:** Critical areas should be examined for potential crack initiation sites --- ## **9. Comparison with Other Grades** ### **Grade S vs. Grade R (A514):** | Parameter | Grade S | Grade R | Key Differences | |-----------|---------|---------|-----------------| | **Nickel Content** | 0.25-0.50% | Not specified | Primary differentiator | | **Typical Impact Test Temp** | -29°C (-20°F) or lower | -18°C (0°F) typical | Grade S for colder service | | **Low-Temp Toughness** | Superior | Good | Grade S significantly better | | **Cost Premium** | 10-20% higher | Baseline | Grade R more economical | | **Typical Applications** | Cold climate, critical structures | General high-strength applications | Environment dictates choice | ### **Grade S vs. European S690QL1:** | Aspect | A514 Grade S | S690QL1 (EN 10025-6) | Selection Considerations | |--------|--------------|----------------------|-------------------------| | **Yield Strength** | 690 MPa | 690 MPa | Same minimum | | **Impact Test Temperature** | Typically -29°C | -60°C standard | S690QL1 better for extreme cold | | **Chemical Approach** | B-added with Ni | Higher Mn, Ni, Mo, V, Ti, Nb | Different strengthening mechanisms | | **Thickness Range** | Up to 63.5 mm full prop. | Up to 100 mm full properties | S690QL1 thicker capability | | **Availability** | Good in North America | Good in Europe | Regional preference often dictates | ### **Grade S vs. HSLA Steels (e.g., A572 Grade 50):** | Consideration | A514 Grade S | A572 Grade 50 | Application Guidance | |---------------|--------------|---------------|---------------------| | **Yield Strength** | 690 MPa | 345 MPa | A514 for weight-critical designs | | **Cost per kg** | 3-4× higher | Baseline | A572 more economical | | **Fabrication Ease** | More challenging | Easier | A572 simpler to work with | | **Low-Temp Performance** | Excellent | Moderate (depends on grade) | A514 for critical cold service | | **Weight Savings Potential** | ~50% possible | Baseline | A514 enables lighter structures | --- ## **10. Quality Control & Certification** ### **Enhanced Testing Requirements:** | Test | Method | Grade S Requirements | Frequency | |------|--------|----------------------|-----------| | **Chemical Analysis** | ASTM E415 | Full analysis including Ni | Per heat | | **Tensile Testing** | ASTM A370 | Longitudinal and transverse | Per heat treatment charge | | **Charpy V-Notch** | ASTM A370 | At specified low temperature | Per heat treatment charge | | **Drop-Weight Test** | ASTM E208 | May be specified for critical applications | As specified | | **Ultrasonic Testing** | ASTM A578 | Often required for plate inspection | 100% for critical applications | | **Hardness Survey** | ASTM E10/E18 | Across width and through thickness | Per plate or lot | ### **Special Requirements for Grade S:** 1. **Lower Sulfur Levels:** Often specified ≤0.010% for improved toughness 2. **Inclusion Rating:** Stringent controls (ASTM E45, maximum severity 1.0) 3. **Microcleanliness:** Often specified with maximum oxide/sulfide ratings 4. **Grain Size:** ASTM 8 or finer typically required ### **Certification & Traceability:** - **Comprehensive MTC:** Including all mechanical tests at specified temperatures - **Heat Treatment Records:** Complete time-temperature documentation - **Coil/Plate Traceability:** Full traceability from melt to finished product - **Third-Party Verification:** Often required for critical applications --- **Technical Summary:** ASTM A514 Grade S represents a premium high-strength structural steel optimized for applications requiring both 100 ksi yield strength and exceptional low-temperature toughness. Its nickel-enhanced chemistry, combined with strict processing controls, delivers fracture resistance at temperatures as low as -60°C (-76°F) while maintaining excellent strength and weldability characteristics. Although commanding a price premium over standard high-strength steels and requiring careful fabrication procedures, Grade S enables the design of lighter, more efficient structures for demanding cold-climate applications. Its primary value lies in applications where conventional high-strength steels would be at risk of brittle fracture, such as Arctic construction equipment, cold-climate bridges, and critical structural components in low-temperature environments. Proper material selection, design detailing, fabrication procedures, and quality control are essential to realize the full benefits of this high-performance steel. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A514 Steel, Grade S Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <6017 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A514 Steel, Grade S Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Spherical ASTM A514 Steel Powder, Grade S Particle Size Description -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Applications of Spherical ASTM A514 Steel Powder, Grade S -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Applications of ASTM A514 Steel Spherical Powder, Grade S -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers ASTM A514 Steel Spherical Powder, Grade S -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of ASTM A514 Steel Spherical Powder, Grade S -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Spherical Powder drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 2488 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition