ASTM A570 Steel Spherical Powder, grade 40 Product Information
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ASTM A570 Steel Spherical Powder, grade 40 Synonyms
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Spherical ASTM A570 Steel Powder, grade 40 characteristics
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Spherical ASTM A570 Steel Powder, grade 40 Particle Size
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0-15μm ,5-25μm, 15-45μm, 15-53μm,20-63um, 45-75μm, 45-105μm, 45-150μm ,75-150μm.
(Various granularities can be customized according to customer requirements)
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Spherical ASTM A570 Steel Powder, grade 40 Applicable processes
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Laser/electron beam additive manufacturing (SLM/EBM, 3D printing)
Direct laser deposition (DLD)
Used in thermal spray (TSA)
Powder hot isostatic pressing (HIP)
Metal injection molding (MIM)
Powder metallurgy (PM)
Laser cladding (LC), etc.
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Spherical ASTM A570 Steel Powder, grade 40 Chemical Composition
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ASTM A570 Steel, grade 40 Product Information
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# **Technical Data Sheet: ASTM A570 Steel, Grade 40**
## **1. Product Overview**
ASTM A570 Grade 40 is a hot-rolled carbon steel sheet and strip material designed for structural applications requiring enhanced strength while maintaining good formability and weldability. As part of the seven-grade A570 specification, Grade 40 provides a minimum yield strength of **40 ksi (275 MPa)**, representing a significant step up from the commonly used Grade 36. This intermediate-strength material combines reliable mechanical performance with excellent fabrication characteristics, making it ideal for applications where increased load-bearing capacity is needed without resorting to high-alloy steels. Its balanced properties make it suitable for structural components, industrial equipment, and manufactured products where both strength and manufacturability are important considerations.
## **2. International Standards & Specifications**
- **Primary Standard:** ASTM A570/A570M - *Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Carbon, Hot-Rolled, Structural Quality*
- **Dimensional Standards:**
- ASTM A568/A568M: *General Requirements for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, and High-Strength, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled*
- ASTM A749/A749M: *General Requirements for Steel, Strip, Carbon and High-Strength, Hot-Rolled*
- **International Equivalents:**
- **EN Standard:** EN 10025-2 Grade **S275JR/S275J0** (closest mechanical equivalent)
- **JIS Standard:** JIS G3131 **SPHC** (Hot-rolled mild steel sheets and strips)
- **ISO Standard:** ISO 3573 Grade **CR2** (Commercial quality hot-rolled carbon steel)
- **GB/T Standard:** GB/T 912 **Q235C/Q235D** (Carbon structural steel hot-rolled sheets)
- **Canadian Standard:** CSA G40.21 **300W/350W** (similar strength categories)
- **Australian Standard:** AS 1594 **HA350** (hot-rolled steel sheet)
- **German Standard:** DIN 17100 **St44-2/St52-3** (structural quality steels)
## **3. Chemical Composition (Heat Analysis, % by Weight)**
| Element | Maximum (%) | Typical Range (%) | Metallurgical Function |
|---------|-------------|------------------|------------------------|
| Carbon (C) | 0.25 | 0.15 - 0.23 | Primary strengthening element, controlled for weldability |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.90 | 0.50 - 0.80 | Solid solution strengthening, improves hardenability |
| Phosphorus (P) | 0.04 | 0.010 - 0.025 | Impurity control, improves machinability at higher levels |
| Sulfur (S) | 0.05 | 0.015 - 0.030 | Impurity control, affects hot workability |
| Silicon (Si)* | 0.40 | 0.15 - 0.30 | Deoxidizer, strengthens ferrite |
| Copper (Cu)** | 0.20 min (when specified) | 0.20 - 0.35 | Atmospheric corrosion resistance enhancement |
*Note:*
- *Silicon content specified when killed or semi-killed steel is required for improved internal soundness
- **Copper required only when specified for enhanced atmospheric corrosion resistance (minimum 0.20% Cu)
**Key Chemical Characteristics:**
- **Carbon Equivalent (CE):** 0.22 - 0.35 (calculated per IIW formula: C + Mn/6)
- **Deoxidation Practice:** Rimmed, capped, semi-killed, or killed as specified
- **Quality Level:** Structural quality with guaranteed mechanical properties
- **Strength Mechanism:** Primarily solid solution strengthening with ferrite-pearlite microstructure
- **Weldability Index:** Good (CE < 0.40), suitable for most welding processes
## **4. Mechanical Properties**
### **Minimum Required Properties (Per ASTM A570)**
| Property | Requirement | Test Standard | Notes |
|----------|-------------|---------------|-------|
| **Tensile Strength, min** | **55 ksi (380 MPa)** | ASTM A370 | Guaranteed minimum tensile strength |
| **Yield Strength (0.5% extension), min** | **40 ksi (275 MPa)** | ASTM A370 | At 0.5% extension under load |
| **Elongation in 2 in. (50 mm), min** | **18%** (for thickness ≤ 0.229 in./5.8 mm) | ASTM A370 | Gauge length = 2 inches |
| | **20%** (for thickness > 0.229 in./5.8 mm) | ASTM A370 | Higher ductility in thicker sections |
### **Typical Achieved Properties**
| Property | Typical Range | Comments |
|----------|---------------|----------|
| **Tensile Strength** | 58 - 65 ksi (400 - 450 MPa) | Consistently exceeds minimum requirements |
| **Yield Strength** | 42 - 48 ksi (290 - 330 MPa) | Typically 2-8 ksi above minimum |
| **Yield-to-Tensile Ratio** | 0.70 - 0.75 | Good for forming, higher than Grade 36 |
| **Elongation (2")** | 22% - 28% | Good ductility for fabrication |
| **Hardness** | 80 - 95 HRB | Rockwell B scale |
| **Modulus of Elasticity** | 29,000 ksi (200 GPa) | Standard for carbon steels |
| **Shear Strength** | ~24 ksi (165 MPa) | Approximately 0.6 × tensile strength |
| **Fatigue Strength** | ~26 ksi (180 MPa) | At 2×10⁶ cycles, R=0 |
### **Impact Properties (When Specified)**
- **Charpy V-Notch:** Not routinely tested unless specified
- **When Required:** Typically tested at room temperature (70°F/21°C)
- **Minimum Energy:** 15 ft-lb (20 J) when specified
- **Typical Values:** 25-40 ft-lb at room temperature
- **Ductile-to-Brittle Transition:** Below 0°F (-18°C) for standard material
## **5. Physical Properties**
| Property | Value | Unit | Notes |
|----------|-------|------|-------|
| **Density** | 0.283 | lb/in³ (7.85 g/cm³) | At room temperature |
| **Modulus of Elasticity** | 29,000 | ksi (200 GPa) | In tension |
| **Shear Modulus** | 11,200 | ksi (77 GPa) | - |
| **Poisson's Ratio** | 0.29 | - | Standard for steel |
| **Thermal Conductivity** | 50.2 | W/m·K | At 100°C |
| **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 6.5 × 10⁻⁶ | /°F (11.7 × 10⁻⁶/°C) | Linear, 68-212°F range |
| **Specific Heat** | 0.46 | kJ/kg·K | At 20°C |
| **Electrical Resistivity** | 0.17 | μΩ·m | At 20°C |
| **Magnetic Properties** | Ferromagnetic | - | Strongly magnetic |
| **Melting Range** | 2,600-2,800 | °F (1,425-1,540°C) | Liquidus-solidus range |
## **6. Material Forms & Availability**
### **Standard Product Forms**
- **Sheet:** Thickness range: 0.059 - 0.229 inch (1.5 - 5.8 mm)
- **Strip:** Narrow width coils, typically 0.5-24 inches wide
- **Width Range:** Up to 72 inches (1829 mm) typically available
- **Lengths:** Coils or cut lengths as specified
- **Edges:** Mill edge, slit edge, or sheared edge options
- **Weights:** Coils typically 10-40 tons, cut lengths as required
### **Surface Conditions**
- **As-Hot-Rolled:** With blue-gray mill scale (most common)
- **Pickled & Oiled:** Scale removed, oiled for rust prevention
- **Blast Cleaned:** Abrasive cleaned to near-white metal
- **Temper Passed:** Light cold reduction for improved flatness
- **Phosphatized:** For improved paint adhesion
## **7. Processing Characteristics**
### **Hot-Rolled Condition**
- **As-Supplied:** Hot-rolled without subsequent cold reduction
- **Grain Structure:** Ferrite-pearlite microstructure (25-35% pearlite)
- **Grain Size:** ASTM 7-8 (fine to medium grain size)
- **Surface Scale:** Typical mill scale 0.001-0.003 inch thick
- **Flatness:** Commercial standards, typically 0.5% of width
- **Internal Stress:** Moderate, generally acceptable for most applications
### **Heat Treatment Capabilities**
- **Stress Relieving:** 1100-1200°F (593-649°C), 1 hour per inch
- **Normalizing:** 1600-1700°F (871-927°C), air cool
- **Annealing:** Full annealing at 1550-1650°F (843-899°C)
- **Process Annealing:** 1200-1300°F (649-704°C) for cold-worked material
- **As-Rolled Properties:** Typically used without additional heat treatment
## **8. Key Product Characteristics**
1. **Enhanced Strength:** 40 ksi yield strength for increased load capacity
2. **Good Formability:** Maintains adequate ductility for fabrication
3. **Excellent Weldability:** Moderate carbon equivalent allows most welding processes
4. **Cost-Effective:** More economical than high-strength low-alloy steels
5. **Predictable Performance:** Consistent mechanical properties
6. **Wide Fabrication Window:** Suitable for various manufacturing processes
7. **Good Machinability:** Can be machined with standard tooling
8. **Compatible Coatings:** Excellent substrate for protective coatings
9. **Availability:** Widely available from steel service centers
## **9. Primary Applications**
### **Structural & Construction**
- **Building Components:** Heavier structural members, beams, columns
- **Industrial Framing:** Machine supports, equipment bases, platforms
- **Bridge Components:** Secondary members, approach plates, guardrails
- **Transmission Towers:** Structural components, bracing members
- **Heavy Equipment Bases:** Machinery mounts, support frames
### **Transportation Equipment**
- **Commercial Vehicles:** Truck chassis components, trailer frames
- **Automotive:** Structural brackets, reinforcements, underbody parts
- **Material Handling:** Conveyor frames, cart components, lift equipment
- **Railroad:** Car underframe components, structural reinforcements
- **Marine:** Small boat structural components, dock hardware
### **Industrial Equipment**
- **Machine Components:** Heavy-duty bases, frames, supports
- **Equipment Housings:** Guards, enclosures, protective covers
- **Storage Systems:** Heavy-duty shelving, rack components
- **Process Equipment:** Hopper supports, chute liners, conveyor parts
- **Agricultural Equipment:** Implement frames, tractor attachments
### **Consumer & Commercial Products**
- **Heavy Furniture:** Industrial shelving, storage systems, workstations
- **Appliance Components:** Structural frames, supports, bases
- **Display Fixtures:** Heavy-duty store fixtures, exhibit structures
- **Recreational Equipment:** Playground structures, sports equipment frames
- **Hardware Products:** Brackets, supports, mounting hardware
### **Special Applications**
- **Energy Sector:** Support structures for solar panels, wind turbines
- **Mining Equipment:** Light structural components, support frames
- **Material Handling:** Pallet rack components, storage system frames
- **Security Equipment:** Barrier supports, gate components, fencing
## **10. Fabrication Guidelines**
### **Welding Processes**
| Process | Suitability | Electrode/Filler | Notes |
|---------|-------------|-----------------|-------|
| **SMAW (Stick)** | Excellent | E7018, E6013, E6011 | All-position capability |
| **GMAW (MIG)** | Excellent | ER70S-6, ER70S-3 | High productivity |
| **FCAW (Flux-Cored)** | Excellent | E71T-1, E71T-11 | High deposition rates |
| **GTAW (TIG)** | Excellent | ER70S-2 | Highest quality welds |
| **Resistance Welding** | Good | - | Spot, seam welding |
| **SAW (Submerged Arc)** | Good | EM12K, F7A2-EM12K | High deposition, flat position |
**Welding Parameters:**
- **Preheat:** Generally not required for thicknesses < 0.75 inch
- **Interpass Temperature:** Maximum 400°F (204°C)
- **Heat Input:** 25-45 kJ/inch recommended
- **Post-Weld Treatment:** Usually not required
- **Weld Preparation:** Standard bevels, clean surfaces
### **Cutting Operations**
| Method | Thickness Range | Edge Quality | Notes |
|--------|----------------|--------------|-------|
| **Shearing** | Up to 0.25 inch | Clean, square | Minimum clearance 5-10% |
| **Plasma Cutting** | All thicknesses | Good | Minimal HAZ, CNC compatible |
| **Laser Cutting** | Up to 0.50 inch | Excellent | Smooth edges, precise |
| **Oxy-Fuel Cutting** | > 0.25 inch | Good with scale | Economical for thicker sections |
| **Waterjet Cutting** | All thicknesses | Excellent | No thermal distortion |
| **Punching** | Up to 0.1875 inch | Clean holes | Minimum hole diameter = thickness |
### **Forming Operations**
| Operation | Minimum Radius | Notes |
|-----------|----------------|-------|
| **90° Bending** | 1.5× thickness (with grain) | Springback 2-3° |
| | 2× thickness (across grain) | |
| **Roll Forming** | Varies by profile | Good for continuous sections |
| **Stamping** | 2-3× thickness | Lubrication recommended |
| **Deep Drawing** | 4-6× thickness | Intermediate annealing may help |
| **Spinning** | As-tooled | Suitable for axisymmetric parts |
**Forming Guidelines:**
- **Bend Allowance:** BA = [π × (IR + K × T) × A]/180 where K=0.33
- **Springback Compensation:** Overbend 2-3° for 90° bends
- **Tooling Clearances:** 8-12% of material thickness
- **Grain Direction:** Consider in critical forming operations
### **Machining Operations**
| Operation | Speed (SFM) | Feed (ipr/ipt) | Tool Material |
|-----------|-------------|----------------|---------------|
| **Turning** | 250-450 | 0.008-0.015 | HSS or carbide |
| **Face Milling** | 200-350 | 0.004-0.008 | Carbide inserts |
| **End Milling** | 180-300 | 0.002-0.005 | HSS or carbide |
| **Drilling** | 50-80 | 0.005-0.010 | HSS drills |
| **Tapping** | 25-40 | - | HSS taps |
| **Sawing** | 120-200 FPM | - | 4-6 TPI bi-metal |
**Machining Tips:**
- Use positive rake angles (5-10°)
- Water-soluble coolants recommended
- Rigid setups to prevent vibration
- Sharp tools to prevent work hardening
## **11. Surface Treatment & Finishing**
### **Scale Removal Methods**
| Method | Process Details | Surface Profile |
|--------|----------------|-----------------|
| **Acid Pickling** | HCl or H₂SO₄ bath | Smooth, slightly etched |
| **Abrasive Blasting** | Steel grit/shot, 80-100 psi | Uniform anchor pattern |
| **Mechanical Brushing** | Rotary brushes | Directional texture |
| **Grinding** | Abrasive belts/disks | Controlled removal |
### **Coating Systems**
| Coating Type | Thickness | Application | Typical Uses |
|--------------|-----------|-------------|--------------|
| **Liquid Paint** | 1-4 mils | Spray, dip, roll | General protection |
| **Powder Coating** | 2-8 mils | Electrostatic spray | Durable finishes |
| **Hot-Dip Galvanizing** | 2-4 mils | Molten zinc immersion | Outdoor, corrosion |
| **Electro-galvanizing** | 0.2-1.0 mils | Electroplating | Automotive, appliances |
| **Zinc-Rich Primer** | 3-6 mils | Spray, brush | Industrial, marine |
### **Corrosion Protection Strategies**
| Environment | Protection System | Expected Life |
|-------------|------------------|---------------|
| **Indoor, dry** | Paint or no coating | Indefinite |
| **Indoor, humid** | Paint system | 10-20 years |
| **Outdoor, rural** | Galvanizing or 3-coat paint | 15-25 years |
| **Outdoor, industrial** | Heavy-duty coating system | 10-15 years |
| **Marine coastal** | Hot-dip galvanize + paint | 20-30 years |
## **12. Quality Assurance & Testing**
### **Standard Testing Requirements**
- **Chemical Analysis:** From each heat of steel
- **Tensile Testing:** One test per heat or as specified
- **Bend Testing:** When required by supplementary requirements
- **Visual Inspection:** For surface defects and dimensions
- **Dimensional Verification:** Per ASTM A568/A568M
### **Supplementary Requirements (When Specified)**
| Designation | Requirement | Purpose |
|-------------|-------------|---------|
| **S1** | Bend test (180° flat bend) | Formability verification |
| **S2** | Copper-bearing steel | Enhanced corrosion resistance |
| **S3** | Special killed steel | Improved internal soundness |
| **S4** | Chemistry only | No mechanical testing |
| **S5** | Cold bending test | Specific bending requirements |
| **S6** | Ultrasonic testing | Internal quality assessment |
| **S7** | Charpy impact testing | Toughness evaluation |
### **Certification & Documentation**
- **Mill Test Reports:** Certified test results with heat number
- **Heat Numbers:** Full traceability
- **Material Certificates:** Compliance statements
- **Third-Party Inspection:** Available when specified
## **13. Comparison with Similar Steels**
| Characteristic | A570 Grade 40 | A570 Grade 36 | A1011 HSLAS Grade 40 |
|----------------|---------------|---------------|----------------------|
| **Yield Strength** | 40 ksi (275 MPa) | 36 ksi (250 MPa) | 40 ksi (275 MPa) |
| **Tensile Strength** | 55 ksi (380 MPa) min | 53 ksi (365 MPa) min | 52 ksi (360 MPa) min |
| **Product Form** | Sheet & Strip | Sheet & Strip | Sheet & Strip |
| **Cost Index** | 1.05 - 1.15 | 1.0 (Baseline) | 1.10 - 1.25 |
| **Formability** | Good | Excellent | Good |
| **Weldability** | Very Good | Excellent | Good |
| **Typical Applications** | Medium-duty structures | Light structures | Automotive, formed parts |
## **14. Design Considerations**
### **Structural Design Guidelines**
- **Allowable Stress Design:**
- Tension: 0.60 × Fy = 24 ksi (165 MPa)
- Shear: 0.40 × Fy = 16 ksi (110 MPa)
- Bearing: 0.90 × Fy = 36 ksi (248 MPa)
- **Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD):**
- φ = 0.90 for tension, flexure
- φ = 0.75 for shear
- **Deflection Limits:**
- L/240 for floors under live load
- L/180 for roofs under live load
### **Connection Design**
- **Bolted Connections:**
- Bolt grades: A325, A490 compatible
- Edge distances: 1.5 × bolt diameter minimum
- **Welded Connections:**
- Fillet welds: Minimum size = material thickness (max 1/4 inch)
- **Fatigue Considerations:**
- Category A: 26 ksi fatigue strength
- Design Life: 2×10⁶ cycles typical
## **15. Economic Considerations**
### **Cost Factors**
| Cost Component | Relative Cost | Factors Affecting Cost |
|----------------|---------------|------------------------|
| **Raw Material** | Low to Moderate | Volume, market conditions |
| **Processing** | Moderate | Fabrication complexity |
| **Finishing** | Variable | Coating type required |
| **Tooling** | Low to Moderate | Standard tooling typically adequate |
### **Value Engineering Opportunities**
1. **Material Optimization:** Use appropriate thickness for load requirements
2. **Fabrication Efficiency:** Design for standard processes
3. **Coating Selection:** Match protection to environment
4. **Standardization:** Use common sizes and shapes
## **16. Industry Codes & Standards**
### **Design Standards**
- **AISI S100:** North American Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Design
- **AWS D1.1/D1.3:** Structural Welding Code / Sheet Steel Supplement
- **ASCE 7:** Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
- **IBC:** International Building Code
- **AISC 360:** Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
### **Material & Testing Standards**
- **ASTM A370:** Test Methods for Mechanical Testing
- **ASTM E8/E8M:** Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
- **ASTM A751:** Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
## **17. Limitations & Special Considerations**
### **Application Limitations**
1. **Not Recommended For:**
- Primary structural members in high-rise buildings
- Pressure vessel applications
- Continuous service above 800°F (427°C)
- Highly corrosive environments without protection
2. **Thickness Limitations:**
- Maximum practical thickness: 0.229 inch (5.8 mm)
- Properties may vary with thickness
3. **Environmental Limitations:**
- Requires protective coatings for outdoor exposure
- Not suitable for marine immersion service
### **Safety Considerations**
- **Sharp Edges:** Proper handling required
- **Welding Fumes:** Adequate ventilation needed
- **Heavy Lifting:** Use proper equipment
- **Eye Protection:** Required for cutting and grinding
## **18. Environmental & Sustainability**
### **Environmental Profile**
- **Recyclability:** 100% recyclable without degradation
- **Recycled Content:** Typically 25-35% post-consumer recycled
- **Energy Content:** ~20 MJ/kg (production energy)
- **CO₂ Emissions:** ~1.8-2.2 tons CO₂ per ton of steel
### **Sustainable Design Considerations**
- **Life Cycle Assessment:** Favorable for long-life applications
- **Resource Efficiency:** Good strength-to-weight ratio
- **Durability:** Long service life with proper protection
- **End-of-Life:** Fully recyclable, high scrap value
## **19. Project Specification Guidelines**
### **Essential Specification Elements**
```plaintext
1. Standard: ASTM A570/A570M
2. Grade: 40
3. Product Form: [Sheet/Strip/Coil/Cut Length]
4. Dimensions: Thickness, width, length
5. Condition: [As-rolled/Pickled & Oiled/Blast Cleaned]
6. Edges: [Mill Edge/Slit Edge/Sheared Edge]
7. Supplementary Requirements: [As needed]
8. Certification: Mill test reports required
```
### **Sample Specification Language**
"Steel sheet shall conform to ASTM A570, Grade 40. Material shall have minimum yield strength of 40 ksi and minimum tensile strength of 55 ksi. Sheet to be supplied pickled and oiled. Mill test reports shall be provided showing chemical analysis and tensile test results."
## **20. Future Developments & Market Trends**
### **Technical Developments**
- **Processing Improvements:** Enhanced surface quality
- **Alloy Optimization:** Better property control
- **Digital Quality Control:** Improved inspection systems
- **Sustainable Production:** Reduced environmental impact
### **Market Trends**
- **Increased Demand:** Growth in industrial applications
- **Global Competition:** International market pressures
- **Customization:** More tailored products
- **Sustainability Focus:** Environmental performance emphasis
## **21. Disclaimer & Important Notes**
### **User Responsibilities**
1. Verify suitability for intended application
2. Ensure design accounts for material properties
3. Follow recommended fabrication procedures
4. Implement appropriate quality control
5. Comply with applicable codes and regulations
### **Manufacturer's Limitations**
- Properties guaranteed as tested per ASTM A570
- Performance based on standard testing conditions
- User must verify fitness for specific applications
- No warranty against corrosion without protection
---
*ASTM A570 Grade 40 provides a balanced combination of strength and fabricability for medium-duty structural applications. Its enhanced load-bearing capacity compared to Grade 36, combined with good formability and weldability, makes it suitable for a wide range of industrial and structural applications where increased strength is required without the cost premium of high-alloy steels.*
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ASTM A570 Steel, grade 40 Specification
Dimensions
Size：
Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <5937 mm
Size:We can customized as required
Standard：
Per your request or drawing
We can customized as required
Properties（Theoretical）
Chemical Composition
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ASTM A570 Steel, grade 40 Properties
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Spherical ASTM A570 Steel Powder, grade 40 Particle Size Description
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Applications of Spherical ASTM A570 Steel Powder, grade 40
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Applications of ASTM A570 Steel Spherical Powder, grade 40
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Chemical Identifiers ASTM A570 Steel Spherical Powder, grade 40
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Packing of ASTM A570 Steel Spherical Powder, grade 40
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Standard Packing:
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Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Spherical Powder drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 2408 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition
