Spherical ASTM A516 Carbon Steel Powder, Grade 70

ASTM A516 Carbon Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 70 Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A516 Carbon Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 70 Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Spherical ASTM A516 Carbon Steel Powder, Grade 70 characteristics -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Spherical ASTM A516 Carbon Steel Powder, Grade 70 Particle Size -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- -:- 0-15μm ,5-25μm, 15-45μm, 15-53μm,20-63um, 45-75μm, 45-105μm, 45-150μm ,75-150μm. (Various granularities can be customized according to customer requirements) -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Spherical ASTM A516 Carbon Steel Powder, Grade 70 Applicable processes -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Laser/electron beam additive manufacturing (SLM/EBM, 3D printing) Direct laser deposition (DLD) Used in thermal spray (TSA) Powder hot isostatic pressing (HIP) Metal injection molding (MIM) Powder metallurgy (PM) Laser cladding (LC), etc. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Spherical ASTM A516 Carbon Steel Powder, Grade 70 Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A516 Carbon Steel, Grade 70 Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # **Product Introduction: ASTM A516 Grade 70 Carbon Steel Plate** **ASTM A516 Grade 70** is a **high-strength, notch-tough, normalized carbon steel plate** representing the pinnacle of the widely-used A516 specification for pressure vessel applications. Engineered specifically for **fusion welded pressure vessels and pressure-containing components** requiring superior strength combined with excellent low-temperature toughness, it offers a minimum yield strength of **70 ksi (485 MPa)**. As the highest strength grade in the A516 family, Grade 70 provides an optimal balance between strength, toughness, and weldability for demanding applications where both high pressure capability and fracture resistance are critical requirements. --- ## **1. Key International Standards & Specifications** * **Primary Standard:** **ASTM A516/A516M** - Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Moderate- and Lower-Temperature Service * **Governing Standard:** **ASTM A20/A20M** - General Requirements for Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels * **ASME Code Adoption:** **SA-516 Grade 70** in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II, Part A * **Impact Test Requirement:** **Mandatory** (Grade 70 is one of only two A516 grades requiring impact testing, along with Grade 65) * **International Equivalents:** * **EN 10028-3:** P420NL (normalized, low temperature, 420 MPa min yield - European closest match) * **ISO 9328-3:** Steel flat products for pressure purposes - Part 3: Weldable fine grain steels, normalized * **JIS G3115:** SPV490 (Japanese pressure vessel steel, 490 MPa min yield - closest match) * **GB 713:** Q420R (Chinese pressure vessel steel, 420 MPa min yield) * **DIN 17102:** HIII (German steel for pressure vessels with 355-420 MPa yield) *Note: While international equivalents exist, A516 Grade 70's specific combination of 70 ksi yield strength with mandatory toughness requirements is unique in global standards.* --- ## **2. Chemical Composition (Weight %)** | Element | Composition Range (%) | Metallurgical Function & Special Requirements | |---------|----------------------|----------------------------------------------| | Carbon (C) | 0.27 max (0.25 max for >1.5 in thick) | Carefully balanced for strength vs. weldability | | Manganese (Mn) | 0.85-1.20 (max 1.50 for >1.5 in thick) | Primary strengthener; promotes fine grain structure | | Phosphorus (P) | 0.035 max | Stringently controlled for toughness preservation | | Sulfur (S) | 0.040 max | Controlled with possible inclusion shape control (Ca treatment) | | Silicon (Si) | 0.13-0.45 | Deoxidizer; contributes to strength through solid solution | | **Mandatory Requirement:** Grade 70 **must** be **fully killed** (typically silicon-killed with possible aluminum addition for grain refinement) | ### **Optional Supplementary Requirements (S1-S19):** * **S1. Vacuum Treatment:** For improved cleanliness and lower gas content * **S2. Product Analysis:** Additional chemistry verification * **S3. Simulated Post-Weld Heat Treatment:** For dimensional stability assessment * **S4. Additional Tension Test:** For thickness > 3 in (76 mm) * **S5. Charpy V-Notch Tests:** At lower temperatures (down to -60°F/-51°C) * **S6. Drop-Weight Tests:** For fracture mechanics evaluation * **S7. High-Temperature Tension Tests:** When specified for elevated service * **S8. Ultrasonic Examination:** For internal quality assurance * **S9. Magnetic Particle Examination:** For surface defect detection * **S10. Carbon Restriction:** Lower maximum carbon (typically 0.23%) ### **Carbon Equivalent Analysis:** - **IIW Formula:** CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr+Mo+V)/5 + (Ni+Cu)/15 - **Typical CE Range:** 0.42-0.55 (optimized for weldability at 70 ksi strength level) - **Pcm Formula:** C + Si/30 + Mn/20 + Cu/20 + Ni/60 + Cr/20 + Mo/15 + V/10 + 5B - **Typical Pcm:** 0.24-0.32 - **Weldability Classification:** Good to very good for 70 ksi yield strength steel ### **Key Composition Features:** 1. **Fully Killed Steel:** Essential for consistent properties and optimal impact toughness 2. **Optimized Carbon Content:** Maximum 0.27% balances strength with weldability 3. **Manganese Enhancement:** Up to 1.20% provides significant strengthening 4. **Fine Grain Practice:** Typically aluminum-treated for ASTM 5 or finer grain size 5. **Clean Steel Manufacturing:** Modern practices ensure low residual elements --- ## **3. Mechanical & Physical Properties** ### **Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties:** - **Tensile Strength:** **550-690 MPa** (80,000-100,000 psi) - **Yield Strength (0.2% offset, min):** **485 MPa** (70,000 psi) - **Elongation in 2 in. (50 mm):** **17% minimum** (for plates ≤ ¾ in / 19 mm thick) - **Elongation in 8 in. (200 mm):** **15% minimum** - **Reduction of Area:** Typically 40-50% ### **Mandatory Impact Toughness (Critical Differentiator):** - **Charpy V-Notch Testing:** **Required for all material - no exceptions** - **Standard Test Temperature:** **+70°F (+21°C)** minimum - **Minimum Absorbed Energy:** **20 J (15 ft-lb)** minimum average of 3 specimens - **Individual Specimen Minimum:** No single value < 17 J (12.5 ft-lb) - **Lower Temperature Capability:** Can be specified to **-60°F (-51°C)** per Supplementary Requirement S5 ### **Thickness-Dependent Property Adjustments:** | Thickness Range | Minimum Yield Strength | Minimum Tensile Strength | Impact Test Requirement | |-----------------|------------------------|--------------------------|-------------------------| | ≤ ½ in (13 mm) | 485 MPa (70 ksi) | 550 MPa (80 ksi) | Mandatory at +70°F | | > ½ to 1½ in (13-38 mm) | 470 MPa (68 ksi) | 550 MPa (80 ksi) | Mandatory at +70°F | | > 1½ to 2 in (38-51 mm) | 450 MPa (65 ksi) | 550 MPa (80 ksi) | Mandatory at +70°F | | > 2 to 4 in (51-102 mm) | 435 MPa (63 ksi) | 550 MPa (80 ksi) | Mandatory; may require adjustment | | > 4 to 6 in (102-152 mm) | 415 MPa (60 ksi) | 550 MPa (80 ksi) | Special considerations needed | ### **Physical Properties:** | Property | Value | Conditions / Notes | |----------|-------|-------------------| | Density | 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³) | Room temperature | | Modulus of Elasticity | 200 GPa (29×10⁶ psi) | Room temperature | | Shear Modulus | 77 GPa (11.2×10⁶ psi) | Room temperature | | Poisson's Ratio | 0.29 | - | | Coefficient of Thermal Expansion | 11.7×10⁻⁶/°C | 20-100°C | | Thermal Conductivity | 50.0 W/m·K | 100°C | | Specific Heat | 450 J/kg·K | 100°C | | Thermal Diffusivity | 14.2 mm²/s | 100°C | ### **Hardness Properties:** - **Typical Range:** 190-230 HB (Brinell) - **Maximum Typically:** 240 HB for weldability considerations - **Through-Thickness Uniformity:** Excellent due to normalized condition - **HAZ Hardness Control:** Important consideration for welding procedures --- ## **4. Heat Treatment & Microstructure** ### **Mandatory Heat Treatment:** - **Supply Condition:** **Normalized** (required for all thicknesses) - **Normalizing Temperature:** 1550-1700°F (845-925°C) - **Soaking Time:** 1 hour per inch of thickness, minimum 30 minutes - **Cooling Method:** Still air or controlled air cooling - **Purpose:** Achieves fine, uniform grain structure essential for toughness at this strength level ### **Optional Additional Treatments:** - **Normalized and Tempered:** Occasionally specified for special requirements - **Simulated PWHT:** Per Supplementary Requirement S3 (1150-1250°F / 620-675°C) ### **Microstructural Characteristics:** - **Primary Structure:** Fine-grained ferrite with controlled pearlite content (typically 30-45% pearlite) - **Grain Size:** ASTM 5 or finer (often ASTM 6-8 with proper processing) - **Inclusion Control:** Typically ASTM E45 ratings ≤1.5 for improved toughness - **Homogeneity:** Excellent due to normalizing and killing practice - **Banding:** Minimized through controlled processing ### **Fabrication Heat Treatment:** - **Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT):** Often required for thickness > 1 in (25 mm) - **PWHT Temperature:** 1100-1200°F (595-650°C) - **Stress Relief:** Recommended for highly restrained joints regardless of thickness --- ## **5. Key Characteristics & Advantages** ### **Superior Strength-Toughness Combination:** - **High Strength:** 70 ksi yield enables significant weight reduction vs. lower grades - **Guaranteed Toughness:** Mandatory Charpy testing ensures fracture resistance - **Excellent Transition Temperature:** Maintains ductility at reduced temperatures - **Consistent Performance:** Normalized condition provides uniform properties ### **Fabrication & Design Advantages:** - **Excellent Weldability:** Optimized chemistry for welding at high strength level - **Good Formability:** Adequate for moderate forming operations - **Predictable Behavior:** Well-documented fabrication guidelines - **Design Efficiency:** Higher strength allows thinner sections and weight savings ### **Code Compliance & Reliability:** - **ASME Code Acceptance:** Fully approved for Section VIII, Division 1 construction - **Proven Service History:** Extensive use in critical pressure equipment worldwide - **Quality Assurance:** Rigorous testing requirements ensure reliability - **Design Confidence:** Predictable properties for engineering calculations ### **Economic & Performance Benefits:** - **Cost-Effective High Strength:** More economical than alloy steels with similar strength - **Weight Reduction Potential:** Up to 30% weight savings vs. A516 Grade 60 designs - **Reduced Fabrication Costs:** Good weldability reduces welding time and complexity - **Lifecycle Value:** Reliable performance minimizes maintenance and downtime ### **Limitations & Special Considerations:** - **Temperature Limit:** Maximum ~650°F (345°C) for continuous service - **Corrosion Resistance:** Standard carbon steel performance - **Thickness Restrictions:** Properties degrade in very thick sections (>4 in / 102 mm) - **Welding Procedures:** Require careful development and qualification --- ## **6. Product Applications** ### **Pressure Vessels (Primary Application):** - **High-Pressure Storage Vessels:** - Compressed natural gas (CNG) storage - High-pressure industrial gas storage (N₂, O₂, Ar) - Liquid propane (LPG) storage at higher pressures - Refrigerated gas storage systems - **Chemical & Petrochemical Processing:** - High-pressure reactors and autoclaves - Process columns operating at elevated pressures - High-pressure separators and scrubbers - Heat exchanger shells for high-pressure service - **Power Generation Equipment:** - High-pressure feedwater heaters - Steam drums for industrial boilers - Deaerators for power plants - Condensate storage under pressure ### **Oil & Gas Industry:** - **Production & Processing:** - High-pressure separators - Gas sweetening vessels - Amine contactors and regenerators - Pipeline compressor station vessels - **Refining Applications:** - Intermediate process vessels at higher pressures - Hydrotreating unit components (non-reactor) - Utility service vessels requiring high strength ### **Industrial & Manufacturing:** - **High-Pressure Processing:** - Autoclaves for composite manufacturing - High-pressure sterilization equipment - Industrial reaction vessels - Pressure testing chambers - **Transportation & Storage:** - Railroad tank car shells - Truck transport vessels - Intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) ### **Specialized Applications:** - **Hydrogen Service:** With proper design considerations for hydrogen embrittlement - **Ammonia Service:** For high-pressure anhydrous ammonia storage - **Cryogenic Service:** With appropriate low-temperature impact testing (S5) - **Fatigue-Critical Applications:** Where high strength and toughness are both needed --- ## **7. Fabrication Guidelines** ### **Welding Procedures (Critical for Success):** #### **Preheat Requirements:** | Thickness Range | Minimum Preheat | Recommended Range | Critical Considerations | |-----------------|-----------------|-------------------|-------------------------| | ≤ ½ in (13 mm) | 150°F (65°C) | 200-250°F (95-120°C) | **Mandatory** for crack prevention | | > ½ to 1 in (13-25 mm) | 200°F (95°C) | 250-300°F (120-150°C) | Essential for HAZ toughness | | > 1 to 2 in (25-51 mm) | 250°F (120°C) | 300-350°F (150-175°C) | Critical for thick sections | | > 2 in (>51 mm) | 300°F (150°C) | 350-400°F (175-205°C) | High restraint applications | #### **Interpass Temperature Control:** - **Maximum Interpass:** 400°F (205°C) - **Optimal Range:** 300-350°F (150-175°C) for best toughness - **Monitoring:** Continuous for all critical welds #### **Filler Metal Selection:** - **SMAW (Stick):** E7018, E7018-1, E8018-C3 (low hydrogen **essential**) - **FCAW (Flux-cored):** E71T-1, E70T-5, E81T1-Ni2 for low-temperature - **GMAW (MIG):** ER70S-6, ER70S-3, ER80S-Ni2 for improved toughness - **SAW (Submerged):** F7A2-EM12K, F8A0-EA2-A2, F9A0-EA2-A2 for higher strength - **For Maximum Toughness:** E8018-C3 or E8018-C1 for low-temperature service #### **Post-Weld Heat Treatment:** - **Generally Required:** For thickness > 1 in (25 mm) - **Temperature Range:** 1100-1200°F (595-650°C) - **Soaking Time:** 1 hour per inch of thickness, minimum 1 hour - **Heating Rate:** Max 400°F/h (205°C/h) to 800°F (425°C) - **Cooling Rate:** Max 400°F/h (205°C/h) from 800°F (425°C) ### **Cutting & Edge Preparation:** - **Plasma Cutting:** Preferred method for minimal HAZ and distortion - **Oxy-Fuel Cutting:** Requires preheat ≥200°F (95°C) for >½ in thickness - **Mechanical Cutting:** Band saws and shears suitable with proper equipment - **Edge Condition:** Critical for welding; must be free of defects, properly beveled ### **Forming Operations:** - **Cold Bending:** Minimum radius = 3.5× thickness for 90° bends - **Hot Forming:** Recommended at 1650-1800°F (900-980°C) for complex shapes - **Post-Forming Treatment:** Stress relief recommended, may require re-normalization if properties affected - **Local Heating:** Careful control of temperature and cooling rates essential ### **Machining:** - **Tool Materials:** Carbide tools recommended for production work - **Cutting Parameters:** Moderate speeds (150-250 SFM) with moderate feeds - **Coolant:** Essential for heavy cuts to prevent work hardening - **Drilling/Tapping:** Use sharp tools with adequate lubrication --- ## **8. Design Considerations** ### **Pressure Vessel Design (ASME Section VIII, Div. 1):** - **Allowable Stress Values:** Refer to ASME Section II, Part D, Table 1A - **Typical Values:** 23.3 ksi at 100°F, 19.0 ksi at 650°F (161 MPa at 38°C, 131 MPa at 345°C) - **Joint Efficiency:** 0.70-1.00 based on examination level - **Corrosion Allowance:** Typically ⅛ in (3.2 mm) minimum ### **Temperature Design Limits:** - **Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT):** Can be as low as **-55°F (-48°C)** with appropriate impact testing (S5) - **Standard MDMT:** -20°F (-29°C) without additional testing - **Maximum Continuous Service:** 650°F (345°C) - **For Lower MDMT:** Impact testing per ASME UCS-66 and Supplementary Requirement S5 required ### **Impact Testing Strategy:** - **Standard Requirement:** 20 J @ +70°F (+21°C) - **Lower Temperature Options:** Per Supplementary Requirement S5 (down to -60°F/-51°C) - **Testing Frequency:** Per heat treatment charge - **Testing Orientation:** Typically longitudinal; transverse may be specified ### **Thickness Design Strategy:** - **Optimum Range:** ¼ to 2 inches (6 to 50 mm) - **Thick Section Considerations:** Significant property derating requires careful calculation - **Minimum Practical Thickness:** Often governed by fabrication constraints rather than stress - **Weight Savings:** Typically 15-20% vs. A516 Grade 60 for same pressure rating ### **Fatigue Design Considerations:** - **Moderate Fatigue Strength:** Adequate for most pressure vessel applications - **Notch Sensitivity:** Higher than lower-strength grades; careful detailing required - **Weld Profile Control:** Essential for fatigue performance - **Cyclic Service:** Suitable for moderate cycle applications with proper design --- ## **9. Comparison with Related Grades** ### **A516 Grade 70 vs. A516 Grade 65:** | Parameter | Grade 70 | Grade 65 | Advantages & Selection Guide | |-----------|----------|----------|-----------------------------| | **Yield Strength** | 485 MPa (70 ksi) | 450 MPa (65 ksi) | Grade 70: 7.8% stronger | | **Tensile Strength** | 550-690 MPa | 515-655 MPa | Higher strength capacity | | **Carbon Max** | 0.27% | 0.24% | Grade 70 uses higher carbon for strength | | **Thickness Derating** | More significant | Less significant | Grade 65 better for thick sections | | **Cost Premium** | ~15-20% higher | Baseline | Grade 65 more economical | | **Applications** | Highest pressure carbon steel vessels | High-pressure, critical service | Pressure requirements dictate | ### **A516 Grade 70 vs. A537 Class 2:** | Aspect | A516 Grade 70 | A537 Class 2 | Application Guidance | |--------|---------------|--------------|---------------------| | **Yield Strength** | 485 MPa (70 ksi) | 485 MPa (70 ksi) | Similar strength | | **Toughness** | Good | Excellent | A537 superior for low temperature | | **Heat Treatment** | Normalized only | Quenched & Tempered | A537 better properties | | **Cost** | Lower | Higher | A516 more economical | | **Best For** | General high-pressure vessels | Critical low-temp, high-strength | A537 for most severe conditions | ### **A516 Grade 70 vs. A387 Grade 2 (1¼Cr-½Mo):** | Consideration | A516 Grade 70 | A387 Grade 2 | Economic & Technical Balance | |---------------|---------------|--------------|------------------------------| | **Yield Strength** | 485 MPa (70 ksi) | 310 MPa (45 ksi) | A516 significantly stronger | | **Temperature Limit** | 650°F (345°C) | 900°F (480°C) | A387 for higher temperature | | **Material Cost** | Lower | 2-3× higher | A516 significantly more economical | | **Fabrication** | Simpler | More complex (PWHT always) | A516 easier to fabricate | | **Best Application** | ≤650°F, high pressure | 650-900°F, moderate pressure | Clear temperature boundary | ### **A516 Grade 70 vs. High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels:** | Material | Yield Strength | Key Advantage vs. A516-70 | Typical Cost Premium | |----------|---------------|---------------------------|---------------------| | **A516 Grade 70** | 70 ksi | Cost-effective, proven | Baseline | | **A572 Grade 50** | 50 ksi | Better formability | 20-30% lower | | **A588 Grade A** | 50 ksi | 4× corrosion resistance | Similar to 20% higher | | **A709 Grade 50** | 50 ksi | Bridge certified | Similar to 30% higher | ### **International Equivalents Comparison:** | Standard | Equivalent Grade | Yield Strength | Notes | |----------|-----------------|---------------|-------| | **EN 10028-3** | P420NL | 420 MPa | Closest European normalized grade | | **JIS G3115** | SPV490 | 490 MPa | Similar strength, Japanese standards | | **GB 713** | Q420R | 420 MPa | Lower strength Chinese equivalent | | **ISO 9328-3** | P420NL | 420 MPa | International normalized steel grade | --- ## **10. Quality Control & Certification** ### **Mandatory Testing Requirements:** 1. **Chemical Analysis:** Ladle analysis required for each heat 2. **Tensile Testing:** Per heat treatment charge; transverse properties often specified 3. **Charpy Impact Testing:** **Required for all material** - defining characteristic 4. **Bend Test:** For material and weld procedure qualification ### **Common Supplementary Requirements:** - **S5. Lower Temperature Impact:** Specified for service below +70°F - **S8. Ultrasonic Examination:** Increasingly specified for critical applications - **S9. Magnetic Particle:** For surface quality assurance - **S10. Carbon Restriction:** Often specified for improved weldability ### **Certification Requirements:** - **Complete Mill Test Certificate:** Including actual chemistry, tensile, and full Charpy data - **Heat Treatment Documentation:** Normalizing records with time-temperature curves - **Impact Test Reports:** Complete Charpy data including temperature, energy, shear percentage - **Traceability:** Unbroken from melt to finished plate with heat number tracking ### **Special Quality Provisions:** - **Restricted Chemistry:** Often S10 (max C 0.23%) for critical applications - **Enhanced Cleanliness:** S1 vacuum treatment for high-purity steel - **Simulated PWHT:** S3 for dimensional stability assurance - **Third-Party Inspection:** Common for critical applications and international projects ### **Industry Acceptance & Codes:** - **ASME Section VIII:** Fully approved for Division 1 and Division 2 construction - **API Standards:** API 620, 650 for storage tanks (with appropriate impact testing) - **National Board:** Recognized for code stamping and registration - **Major Energy Companies:** Typically approved with proper documentation - **International Projects:** May require additional testing to meet local standards --- **Technical Summary:** ASTM A516 Grade 70 represents the highest strength carbon steel plate specifically designed for pressure vessel applications requiring both high strength (70 ksi yield) and guaranteed impact toughness. Its mandatory Charpy testing, normalized condition, and fully killed steel practice ensure reliable performance in moderate and low-temperature service, making it the premier carbon steel choice for high-pressure applications where fracture resistance is critical. While offering significant strength advantages over lower grades (enabling weight savings of 15-30% versus Grade 60), Grade 70 requires careful attention to welding procedures and heat treatment to maintain its toughness properties in fabricated components. The material finds optimal application in high-pressure storage vessels, process equipment, and power generation components operating at pressures where lower-strength carbon steels would require excessively thick walls, but where service temperatures remain within carbon steel capabilities (≤650°F/345°C). For designers seeking the maximum strength available in a carbon steel pressure vessel plate with proven toughness, A516 Grade 70 offers an excellent balance of performance, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A516 Carbon Steel, Grade 70 Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <6023 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A516 Carbon Steel, Grade 70 Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Spherical ASTM A516 Carbon Steel Powder, Grade 70 Particle Size Description -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Applications of Spherical ASTM A516 Carbon Steel Powder, Grade 70 -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Applications of ASTM A516 Carbon Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 70 -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers ASTM A516 Carbon Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 70 -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of ASTM A516 Carbon Steel Spherical Powder, Grade 70 -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Spherical Powder drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 2494 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition